In a manufacturing system, the transformation from starting materials to finished products corresponds to a series of manufacturing processes. Different manufacturing processes serve different purposes; for example, to shape, transport, assembly, or change geometries, properties, or the constitutions of products. All value-added processes are necessary to make parts, assemble parts into components, and finally integrate parts and components into finished products or systems. Manufacturing processes are usually complex since a large number of design factors and process parameters are involved; therefore, designs of manufacturing processes are traditionally treated as the art of science, since manufacturing processes involve...