Openings through the pressure boundary of a vessel require extra care to keep loadings and stresses at an acceptable level. Loads may be generated from both internal and external pressure and from applied external loadings. An examination of the pressure boundary may indicate that extra material is needed near the opening to keep stresses from loadings at an acceptable level. This may be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the shell or nozzle or by adding a reinforcement plate around the opening. At some openings, there may be a nozzle to which is attached external piping generating external forces...