In addition to the conventional fossil fuels and nuclear energy, several alternative fuels are under development and have partially proved to be feasible in large-scale applications. The major alternatives include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, ethanol, and hydrogen. Recently, the reformulated gasoline has entered the U.S. market. Also some advanced technologies, such as fuel cells, superconductors, and superacid, are effective and efficient with respect to energy consumption; most important, the quality of the environment will be tremendously improved by applying these products and advanced technologies to the daily operation. The manufacturing processses of semiconductors and control...