Recent advancements in computing power and speed provide opportunities to revolutionize trade space exploration, particularly for the design of complex systems such as automobiles, aircraft, and spacecraft. In this paper, we introduce three visual steering commands to support trade space exploration and demonstrate their use within a powerful data visualization tool that allows designers to explore multidimensional trade spaces using glyph, 1D and 2D histograms, 2D scatter, scatter matrix, and parallel coordinate plots, linked views, brushing, preference shading, and Pareto frontier display. In particular, we define three user-guided samplers that enable designers to explore (1) the entire design space, (2) near a point of interest, or (3) within a region of high preference. We illustrate these three samplers with a vehicle configuration model that evaluates the technical feasibility of new vehicle concepts. Future research is also discussed.

1.
Wang
,
G. G.
, and
Shan
,
S.
, 2007, “
Review of Metamodeling Techniques in Support of Engineering Design Optimization
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
129
(
4
), pp.
370
380
.
2.
Venkataraman
,
S.
, and
Haftka
,
R. T.
, 2004, “
Structural Optimization Complexity: What Has Moore’s Law Done for Us?
,”
Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
1615-147X,
28
(
6
), pp.
375
387
.
3.
Papalambros
,
P.
, 2002, “
The Optimization Paradigm in Engineering Design: Promises and Challenges
,”
Comput.-Aided Des.
0010-4485,
34
(
12
), pp.
939
951
.
4.
Balling
,
R.
, 1999, “
Design by Shopping: A New Paradigm?
,”
Proceedings of the Third World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization (WCSMO-3)
, Buffalo, NY, University at Buffalo, pp.
295
297
.
5.
Shanteau
,
J.
, 1992, “
Competence in Experts: The Role of Task Characteristics
,”
Org. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process
0749-5978,
53
(
2
), pp.
252
266
.
6.
Wilson
,
T. D.
, and
Schooler
,
J. W.
, 1991, “
Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions
,”
J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
0022-3514,
60
(
2
), pp.
181
192
.
7.
Evans
,
P. T.
,
Vance
,
J. M.
, and
Dark
,
V. J.
, 1999, “
Assessing the Effectiveness of Traditional and Virtual Reality Interfaces in Spherical Mechanism Design
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
121
(
4
), pp.
507
514
.
8.
Furlong
,
T. J.
,
Vance
,
J. M.
, and
Larochelle
,
P. M.
, 1999, “
Spherical Mechanism Synthesis in Virtual Reality
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
121
(
4
), pp.
515
520
.
9.
Kihonge
,
J. N.
,
Vance
,
J. M.
, and
Larochelle
,
P. M.
, 2002, “
Spatial Mechanism Design in Virtual Reality With Networking
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
124
(
3
), pp.
435
440
.
10.
Kelsick
,
J.
,
Vance
,
J. M.
,
Buhr
,
L.
, and
Moller
,
C.
, 2003, “
Discrete Event Simulation Implemented in a Virtual Environment
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
125
(
3
), pp.
428
433
.
11.
Kesavadas
,
T.
, and
Sudhir
,
A.
, 2000, “
Computational Steering in Simulation of Manufacturing Systems
,”
Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
, San Francisco, CA, IEEE, pp.
2654
2658
.
12.
Duncan
,
T. J.
, and
Vance
,
J. M.
, 2007, “
Development of a Virtual Environment for Interactive Interrogation of Computational Mixing Data
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458,
129
(
3
), pp.
361
367
.
13.
Jayaram
,
S.
,
Vance
,
J. M.
,
Gadh
,
R.
,
Jayaram
,
U.
, and
Srinivasan
,
H.
, 2001, “
Assessment of VR Technology and Its Applications to Engineering Problems
,”
ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
1530-9827,
1
(
1
), pp.
72
83
.
14.
Mulder
,
J. D.
,
van Liere
,
R.
, and
van Wijk
,
J. J.
, 1998, “
Computational Steering in the CAVE
,”
FGCS, Future Gener. Comput. Syst.
0167-739X,
14
(
3-4
), pp.
199
207
.
15.
Volkov
,
S.
, and
Vance
,
J. M.
, 2001, “
Effectiveness of Haptic Sensation for the Evaluation of Virtual Prototypes
,”
ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
1530-9827,
1
(
2
), pp.
123
128
.
16.
Balijepalli
,
A.
, and
Kesavadas
,
T.
, 2004, “
Value-Addition of Haptics in Operator Training for Complex Machining Tasks
,”
ASME J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
1530-9827,
4
(
2
), pp.
91
97
.
17.
Eddy
,
J.
, and
Lewis
,
K.
, 2002, “
Visualization of Multi-Dimensional Design and Optimization Data Using Cloud Visualization
,”
ASME
Paper No. DETC02/DAC-02006.
18.
Winer
,
E. H.
, and
Bloebaum
,
C. L.
, 2001, “
Visual Design Steering for Optimization Solution Improvement
,”
Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
1615-147X,
22
(
3
), pp.
219
229
.
19.
Winer
,
E. H.
, and
Bloebaum
,
C. L.
, 2002, “
Development of Visual Design Steering as an Aid in Large-Scale Multidisciplinary Design Optimization. Part I: Method Development
,”
Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
1615-147X,
23
(
6
), pp.
412
424
.
20.
Smith
,
W. R.
,
Anderson
,
W. L.
,
Haftel
,
M. I.
,
Kuo
,
E.
,
Rosen
,
M.
, and
Uhlmann
,
J. K.
, 1999, “
Goal-Oriented Computational Steering
,”
Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Enabling Technology for Simulation Science III
, Orlando, FL, SPIE, pp.
250
260
.
21.
Messac
,
A.
, and
Chen
,
X.
, 2000, “
Visualizing the Optimization Process in Real-Time Using Physical Programming
,”
Eng. Optimiz.
0305-215X,
32
(
6
), pp.
721
747
.
22.
Agrawal
,
G.
,
Lewis
,
K.
,
Chugh
,
K.
,
Huang
,
C. -H.
,
Parashar
,
S.
, and
Bloebaum
,
C. L.
, 2004, “
Intuitive Visualization of Pareto Frontier for Multi-Objective Optimization in N-Dimensional Performance Space
,”
Proceedings of the Tenth AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference
, Albany, NY, AIAA Paper No. AIAA-2004-4434.
23.
Stump
,
G.
,
Yukish
,
M.
,
Simpson
,
T. W.
, and
Harris
,
E. N.
, 2003, “
Design Space Visualization and Its Application to a Design by Shopping Paradigm
,”
ASME
Paper No. DETC2003/DAC-48785.
24.
Stump
,
G.
,
Yukish
,
M.
, and
Simpson
,
T. W.
, 2004, “
The ARL Trade Space Visualizer: An Engineering Decision-Making Tool
,”
Proceedings of the Tenth AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference
, Albany, NY, AIAA Paper No. AIAA-2004-4568.
25.
Schroeder
,
W.
,
Martin
,
K.
, and
Lorensen
,
B.
, 2004,
The Visualization Toolkit: An Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics
,
Kitware
,
Clifton Park, NY
.
26.
Becker
,
R. A.
, and
Cleveland
,
W. S.
, 1987, “
Brushing Scatterplots
,”
Technometrics
0040-1706,
29
(
2
), pp.
127
142
.
27.
Buja
,
A.
,
McDonald
,
J. A.
,
Michalak
,
J.
, and
Stuetzle
,
W.
, 1991, “
Interactive Data Visualization Using Focusing and Linking
,”
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visualization ‘91
,
IEEE
,
New York
, pp.
156
163
.
28.
Sutton
,
R. S.
, and
Barto
,
A. G.
, 1998,
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
,
MIT
,
Cambridge, MA
.
29.
McKay
,
M. D.
,
Beckman
,
R. J.
, and
Conover
,
W. J.
, 1979, “
A Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code
,”
Technometrics
0040-1706,
21
(
2
), pp.
239
245
.
30.
Fang
,
K. -T.
,
Lin
,
D. K. J.
,
Winker
,
P.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, 2000, “
Uniform Design: Theory and Application
,”
Technometrics
0040-1706,
42
, pp.
237
248
.
31.
Yukish
,
M. A.
, 2005, “
Research Topics in Trade Space Exploration
,”
Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference
, Big Sky, MT, IEEE, pp.
4220
4226
.
32.
Price
,
K.
,
Storn
,
R.
, and
Lampinen
,
J.
, 2005,
Differential Evolution—A Practical Approach to Global Optimization
,
Springer-Verlag
,
Berlin
.
33.
Ferguson
,
S.
,
Gurnani
,
A.
,
Donndelinger
,
J.
, and
Lewis
,
K.
, 2005, “
A Study of Convergence and Mapping in Multiobjective Optimization Problems
,”
ASME
Paper No. DETC2005/CIE-84852.
34.
Ferguson
,
S.
,
Gurnani
,
A.
,
Donndelinger
,
J.
, and
Lewis
,
K.
, 2005, “
An Approach to Feasibility Assessment in Preliminary Design
,”
ASME
Paper No. DETC2005/CIE-84853.
35.
Donndelinger
,
J.
,
Ferguson
,
S.
, and
Lewis
,
K.
, 2006, “
Exploring Mass Trade-Offs in Preliminary Vehicle Design Using Pareto Sets
,”
Proceedings of the 11th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization
, Portsmouth, VA, AIAA Paper No. AIAA-2006-7056.
36.
Balling
,
R. J.
,
Taber
,
J. T.
,
Brown
,
M. R.
, and
Day
,
K.
, 1999, “
Multiobjective Urban Planning Using Genetic Algorithm
,”
J. Urban Plann. Dev.
0733-9488,
125
(
2
), pp.
86
99
.
37.
Simpson
,
T. W.
,
Peplinski
,
J.
,
Koch
,
P. N.
, and
Allen
,
J. K.
, 2001, “
Metamodels for Computer-Based Engineering Design: Survey and Recommendations
,”
Eng. Comput.
0263-4759,
17
(
2
), pp.
129
150
.
You do not currently have access to this content.