A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the operating characteristics of small DC motors that are often in tactile displays. The results indicated that these motors are reliable in terms of their frequency and amplitude of oscillation, but that the frequency varies across motors. A simulated skin material was developed to provide a substrate for evaluating the performance of the motors. There was a marked attenuation in frequency when the tactors were on this material and the surface waves could be detected 60 mm from the site of activation. These findings suggest that the spacing between tactors should be at least 60–80 mm if tactile cues are used to locate events in the environment.
Issue Section:
Technical Briefs
1.
Rupert
, A. H.
An Instrumentation Solution for Reducing Spatial Disorientation Mishaps: A More ‘Natural’ Approach to Maintaining Spatial Orientation
, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.
, 19
, pp. 71
–80
. 0002-78202.
van Erp
, J. B. F.
Presenting Directions With a Vibrotactile Torso Display
,” Ergonomics
, 48
(3
), pp. 302
–313
. 0014-01393.
Brewster
, S. A.
King
, A.
The Design and Evaluation of a Vibrotactile Progress Bar
,” Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces Virtual Environment Teleoperator Systems
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 499
–500
.4.
Jones
, L. A.
Lockyer
, B.
Piateski
, E.
Tactile Display and Vibrotactile Pattern Recognition on the Torso
,” Adv. Rob.
, 20
(12
), pp. 1359
–1374
. 0169-18645.
Ho
, C.
Tan
, H. Z.
Spence
, C.
Using Spatial Vibrotactile Cues to Direct Visual Attention in Driving Scenes
,” Transp. Res., Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav.
, 8
, pp. 397
–412
. 1369-84786.
Tan
, H.
Gray
, R.
Young
, J. J.
Traylor
, R.
A Haptic Back Display for Attentional and Directional Cueing
,” Electron. J. Haptics Res.
, 3
, pp. 1
–20
.7.
Lindeman
, R. W.
Yanagida
, Y.
Noma
, H.
Hosaka
, K.
Wearable Vibrotactile Systems for Virtual Contact and Information Display
,” Virtual Reality
, 9
, pp. 203
–213
.8.
van Erp
, J. B. F.
van Veen
, A. H. C.
Jansen
, C.
Dobbins
, T.
Waypoint Navigation With a Vibrotactile Waist Belt
,” ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.
, 2
(2
), pp. 106
–117
. 1544-35589.
Piateski
, E.
Jones
, L.
Vibrotactile Pattern Recognition on the Arm and Torso
,” Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 90
–95
.10.
Mortimer
, B. J. P.
Zets
, G. A.
Cholewiak
, R. W.
Vibrotactile Transduction and Transducers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
0001-4966, 121
(5
), pp. 2970
–2977
.11.
Cholewiak
, R. W.
McGrath
, C.
Vibrotactile Targeting in Multimodal Systems: Accuracy and Interaction
,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 413
–420
.12.
Gemperle
, F.
Ota
, N.
Siewiorek
, D.
Design of a Wearable Tactile Display
,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Wearable Computers
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 5
–15
.13.
Toney
, A.
Dunne
, L.
Thomas
, B. H.
Ashdown
, S. P.
A Shoulder Pad Insert Vibrotactile Display
,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Wearable Computers
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 35
–44
.14.
Lindeman
, R. W.
Templeman
, J. N.
Sibert
, J. L.
Cutler
, J. R.
Handling of Virtual Contact in Immersive Virtual Environments: Beyond Visuals
,” Virtual Reality
, 6
, pp. 130
–139
.15.
Bolanowski
, S. J.
Gescheider
, G. A.
Verrillo
, R. T.
Checkosky
, C. M.
Four Channels Mediate the Mechanical Aspects of Touch
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
0001-4966, 84
(5
), pp. 1680
–1694
.16.
Bolanowski
, S. J.
Gescheider
, G. A.
Verrillo
, R. T.
Hairy Skin: Psychophysical Channels and Their Physiological Substrates
,” Somatosens Mot Res.
, 11
(3
), pp. 279
–290
. 0899-022017.
Wilska
, A.
On the Vibrational Sensitivity in Different Regions of the Body Surface
,” Acta Physiol. Scand.
0001-6772, 31
, pp. 285
–289
.18.
von Békésy
, G.
Synchronism of Neural Discharges and Their Demultiplication in Pitch Perception on the Skin and in Hearing
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
0001-4966, 31
(3
), pp. 338
–349
.19.
Morley
, J. W.
Rowe
, M. J.
Perceived Pitch of Vibrotactile Stimuli: Effects of Vibration Amplitude, and Implications for Vibration Frequency Coding
,” J. Physiol. (London)
, 431
, pp. 403
–416
. 0022-375120.
Mahns
, D. A.
Perkins
, N. M.
Sahai
, V.
Robinson
, L.
Rowe
, M. J.
Vibrotactile Frequency Discrimination in Human Hairy Skin
,” J. Neurophysiol.
, 95
, pp. 1442
–1450
. 0022-307721.
Rothenberg
, M.
Verrillo
, R. T.
Zahorian
, S. A.
Brachman
, M. L.
Bolanowski
, S. J.
Vibrotactile Frequency for Encoding a Speech Parameter
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
0001-4966, 62
(4
), pp. 1003
–1012
.22.
Brown
, L. M.
Brewster
, S. A.
Purchase
, H. C.
A First Investigation Into the Effectiveness of Tactons
,” Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
, IEEE Computer Society
, Los Alamitos
, pp. 167
–176
.23.
Jones
, L. A.
Sarter
, N.
Tactile Displays: Guidance for Their Design and Application
,” Hum. Factors
, 50
(1
), pp. 90
–111
. 0018-720824.
Smalls
, L. K.
Wickett
, R. R.
Visscher
, M. O.
Effect of Dermal Thickness, Tissue Composition, and Body Site on Skin Biomechanical Properties
,” Skin Res. Technol.
, 12
, pp. 43
–49
. 0909-752X25.
Cohen
, J.
Niwa
, M.
Lindeman
, R. W.
Noma
, H.
Yanagida
, Y.
Hosaka
, K.
A Closed-Loop Tactor Frequency Control System for Vibrotactile Feedback
,” ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
, Association of Computing Machinery
, New York
, pp. 1296
–1299
.26.
Cholewiak
, R. W.
Spatial Factors in the Perceived Intensity of Vibrotactile Patterns
,” Sens Processes
, 3
(2
), pp. 141
–156
. 0363-3799Copyright © 2008
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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