Abstract

In this research, the effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) gradation (5–10 mm, 5–16 mm, 5–20 mm, and 5–31.5 mm), RCA content (30 %, 50 %, and 70 %), fly ash content (10 %, 20 %, and 30%) and water–binder ratio (0.35, 0.4, and 0.45) on the stress–strain constitutive relationship of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were analyzed. For this purpose, 45 prism specimens were designed, and then it was obtained by gray relational entropy analysis that the water–binder ratio and RCA content have a considerable influence on RAC’s mechanical and energy absorption properties. A mathematical expression for the stress–strain constitutive relationship of the RAC concerning the four aforementioned factors was developed through experimental investigation and regression analysis. The proposed model is compared with the experimental date, and the result has a good fit.

References

1.
Li
X.
, “
Recycling and Reuse of Waste Concrete in China: Part I. Material Behaviour of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
,”
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
53
, nos. 
1–2
(December
2008
):
36
44
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.006
2.
Xiao
J.
,
Zhang
K.
, and
Akbarnezhad
A.
, “
Variability of Stress-Strain Relationship for Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading
,”
Journal of Cleaner Production
181
(April
2018
):
753
771
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.247
3.
Liu
Z.
,
Chen
W.
,
Zhang
W.
,
Zhang
Y.
, and
Lv
H.
, “
Complete Stress-Strain Behavior of Ecological Ultra-High-Performance Cementitious Composite under Uniaxial Compression
,”
ACI Materials Journal
114
, no. 
5
(September
2017
):
783
794
, https://doi.org/10.14359/51689899
4.
Xiao
J.
,
Li
W.
,
Fan
Y.
, and
Huang
X.
, “
An Overview of Study on Recycled Aggregate Concrete in China (1996–2011)
,”
Construction and Building Materials
31
(June
2012
):
364
383
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.074
5.
Behera
M.
,
Bhattacharyya
S. K.
,
Minocha
A. K.
,
Deoliya
R.
, and
Maiti
S.
, “
Recycled Aggregate from C&D Waste & Its Use in Concrete–A Breakthrough Towards Sustainability in Construction Sector: A Review
,”
Construction and Building Materials
68
(October
2014
):
501
516
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.003
6.
Etxeberria
M.
,
Vázquez
E.
,
Marí
A.
, and
Barra
M.
, “
Influence of Amount of Recycled Coarse Aggregates and Production Process on Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
37
, no. 
5
(May
2007
):
735
742
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002
7.
Bairagi
N. K.
,
Ravande
K.
, and
Pareek
V. K.
, “
Behaviour of Concrete with Different Proportions of Natural and Recycled Aggregates
,”
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
9
, nos. 
1–2
(August
1993
):
109
126
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(93)90036-F
8.
Rao
M. C.
,
Bhattacharyya
S. K.
, and
Barai
S. V.
, “
Influence of Field Recycled Coarse Aggregate on Properties of Concrete
,”
Materials and Structures
44
, no. 
1
(January
2011
):
205
220
, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9620-x
9.
Chen
Z.
,
Xu
J.
,
Zheng
H.
,
Su
Y.
,
Xue
J.
, and
Li
J.
, “
Basic Mechanical Properties Test and Stress-Strain Constitutive Relations of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete
,”
Journal of Building Materials
16
, no. 
1
(
2013
):
24
32
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2013.01.005
10.
Ridzuan
A. R. M.
,
Diah
A. B. M.
,
Hamir
R.
, and
Kamarulzaman
K. B.
, “
The Influence of Recycled Aggregate on the Early Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage of Concrete
,” in
Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation
, vol. 
2
(
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
:
Elsevier
,
2001
),
1415
1422
, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043948-8/50158-2
11.
Chen
X.
and
Wu
S.
, “
Influence of Water-to-Cement Ratio and Curing Period on Pore Structure of Cement Mortar
,”
Construction and Building Materials
38
(January
2013
):
804
812
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.058
12.
Wu
J.
,
Zhang
Y.
,
Zhu
P.
,
Feng
J.
, and
Hu
K.
, “
Mechanical Properties and ITZ Microstructure of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Carbonated Recycled Coarse Aggregate
,”
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition
33
, no. 
3
(June
2018
):
648
653
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-018-1873-1
13.
Otsuki
N.
,
Miyazato
S.
, and
Yodsudjai
W.
, “
Influence of Recycled Aggregate on Interfacial Transition Zone, Strength, Chloride Penetration and Carbonation of Concrete
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
15
, no. 
5
(October
2003
):
443
451
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:5(443)
14.
Kou
S.-C.
,
Poon
C.-S.
, and
Agrela
F.
, “
Comparisons of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concretes Prepared with the Addition of Different Mineral Admixtures
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
33
, no. 
8
(September
2011
):
788
795
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.009
15.
Ohno
K.
and
Ohtsu
M.
, “
Crack Classification in Concrete Based on Acoustic Emission
,”
Construction and Building Materials
24
, no. 
12
(December
2010
):
2339
2346
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004
16.
Liu
Z.
,
Chen
W.
,
Zhang
W.
,
Zhang
Y.
, and
Lv
H.
, “
Complete Stress-Strain Behavior of Ecological Ultra-High-Performance Cementitious Composite under Uniaxial Compression
,”
ACI Materials Journal
114
, no. 
5
(September
2017
):
783
794
, https://doi.org/10.14359/51689899
17.
Xiao
J.
,
Li
J.
, and
Zhang
C.
, “
Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Loading
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
35
, no. 
6
(June
2005
):
1187
1194
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.020
18.
Guo
Z.
and
Shi
X.
,
Reinforced Concrete Theory and Analysis
(in Chinese) (
Beijing, China
:
Tsinghua University Press
,
2003
).
19.
Belén
G.-F.
,
Fernando
M.-A.
,
Diego
C. L.
, and
Sindy
S.-P.
, “
Stress–Strain Relationship in Axial Compression for Concrete Using Recycled Saturated Coarse Aggregate
,”
Construction and Building Materials
25
, no. 
5
(May
2011
):
2335
2342
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.031
20.
Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings
, EN 1992-1-1 (
Brussels, Belgium
:
European Committee for Standardization
,
2004
).
21.
Carreira
D. J.
and
Chu
K.-H.
, “
Stress-Strain Relationship for Plain Concrete in Compression
,”
ACI Journal Proceedings
82
, no. 
6
(November
1985
):
797
804
.
22.
Peng
J.-L.
,
Du
T.
,
Zhao
T.-S.
,
Song
A.
, and
Tang
J.-J.
, “
Stress–Strain Relationship Model of Recycled Concrete Based on Strength and Replacement Rate of Recycled Coarse Aggregate
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
31
, no. 
9
(September
2019
): 04019189, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002847
23.
Yi
S.-T.
,
Kim
J.-K.
, and
Oh
T.-K.
, “
Effect of Strength and Age on the Stress–Strain Curves of Concrete Specimens
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
33
, no. 
8
(August
2003
):
1235
1244
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00044-9
24.
Common Portland Cement
, GB 175-2007 (
Beijing, China
:
Standardization Administration of China
,
2007
).
25.
Fly Ash Used for Cement and Concrete
, GB/T 1596-2017 (
Beijing, China
:
Standardization Administration of China
,
2017
).
26.
Rao
G. A.
and
Prasad
B. K. R.
, “
Influence of the Roughness of Aggregate Surface on the Interface Bond Strength
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
32
, no. 
2
(February
2002
):
253
257
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00668-8
27.
Butler
L.
,
West
J. S.
, and
Tighe
S. L.
, “
The Effect of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Properties on the Bond Strength between RCA Concrete and Steel Reinforcement
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
41
, no. 
10
(October
2011
):
1037
1049
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.004
28.
Tabsh
S. W.
and
Abdelfatah
A. S.
, “
Influence of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on Strength Properties of Concrete
,”
Construction and Building Materials
23
, no. 
2
(February
2009
):
1163
1167
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.007
29.
Matias
D.
,
de Brito
J.
,
Rosa
A.
, and
Pedro
D.
, “
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Produced with Recycled Coarse Aggregates–Influence of the Use of Superplasticizers
,”
Construction and Building Materials
44
(July
2013
):
101
109
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.011
30.
Ryu
J. S.
, “
Improvement on Strength and Impermeability of Recycled Concrete Made from Crushed Concrete Coarse Aggregate
,”
Journal of Materials Science Letters
21
, no. 
20
(October
2002
):
1565
1567
, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020349011716
31.
Standard for Test Method of Mechanical Properties on Ordinary Concrete
, GB/T 50081-2002 (
Beijing, China
:
Standardization Administration of China
,
2002
).
32.
Deng
M.
,
Liu
H.
,
Qin
M.
, and
Liang
X.
, “
Experimental Study on Compressive Toughness of High Ductility Fiber Concrete
” (in Chinese),
Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology (Natural Science Edition)
47
, no. 
5
(
2015
):
660
665
, https://doi.org/10.15986/j.1006-7930.2015.05.009
33.
Nian
T.
,
Li
P.
,
Zhang
G.
,
Liu
W.
, and
Li
H.
, “
Prediction Model of SBS Modified Asphalt Complex Shear Modulus Considering Water-Temperature Cycle
” (in Chinese),
Journal of Composite Materials
36
, no. 
2
(February
2019
):
533
543
, https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20180411.001
34.
Wu
H.
,
Li
P.
,
Nian
T.
,
Zhang
G.
,
He
T.
, and
Wei
X.
, “
Evaluation of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures’ Water Stability Method under Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles
,”
Construction and Building Materials
228
(December
2019
): 117089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117089
35.
Li
M.
,
Li
P.
,
Nian
T. F.
, and
Wei
X.
, “
Effect of Microstructure of Recycled Asphalt on Rheological Properties
” (in Chinese),
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition)
47
, no. 
6
(June
2019
):
121
126
, https://doi.org/10.13245/j.hust.190622
36.
Code for Design of Concrete Structures
, GB50010-2010 (
Beijing, China
:
Standardization Administration of China
,
2015
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.