https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-4512
Abstract
In an effort to mitigate crack growth, nine high-strength steel fiber–reinforced concrete (HSSFRC) mixtures were designed in this study, and specimens with various sizes were cast and cured. First, a total of 135 cylinder specimens were tested under the load- and displacement-control apparatus. The crack patterns and size-effect models (size-effect law [SEL], modified SEL [MSEL], multi-fractal scaling law [MFSL], and Sim et al.) were then investigated. The results confirm that with the addition of steel fiber, the rate of crack propagation dramatically decreases, indicating that specimens absorb more energy to break. Accordingly, the effect of size in cylindrical specimens is significantly improved, characterizing a size-independent state. Furthermore, the efficiency of SEL, MSEL, and MFSL models is considerably enhanced when steel fibers are added to the mixtures. For nonfibrous high-strength concrete specimens with brittle nature, SEL and the Sim et al. models are found to be of higher efficacy. Besides, the SEL outperforms the others since it is not only compatible with HSSFRC but also reflects all the characteristics of the specimens in various sizes. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the effect of steel fiber on reducing the size effect compared to other fiber types obtained from various researches is quite noticeable. It is also important to note that there is very little difference between the results of 10 % and 20 % fiber reinforcement; therefore, using 10 % steel fiber reinforcement in concrete is recommended.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
References
1.
Tasdemir
C.
, Tasdemir
M. A.
, Lydon
F. D.
, and Barr
B. I. G.
, “Effects of Silica Fume and Aggregate Size on the Brittleness of Concrete
,” Cement and Concrete Research
26
, no. 1
(January 1996
): 63
–68
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00180-82.
Palmquist
S. M.
and Jansen
D. C.
, “Postpeak Strain-Stress Relationship for Concrete in Compression
,” ACI Materials Journal
98
, no. 3
(January 2001
): 213
–219
, https://doi.org/10.14359/102753.
Balaguru
P.
, Narahari
R.
, and Patel
M.
, “Flexural Toughness of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
,” ACI Materials Journal
89
, no. 6
(November 1992
): 541
–546
, https://doi.org/10.14359/40194.
Köksal
F.
, “Mechanical Behavior and Optimization of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concretes
” (PhD thesis, Institute of Science and Technology of ITU
, 2003
).5.
Tasdemir
M. A.
and Bayramov
F.
, “Mechanical Behavior of Cement Based Composite Materials
,” ITU Journal/d Engineering
1
, no. 2
(2002
): 125
–144
.6.
Balendran
R. V.
, Zhou
F. P.
, Nadeem
A.
, and Leung
A. Y. T.
, “Influence of Steel Fibres on Strength and Ductility of Normal and Lightweight High Strength Concrete
,” Building and Environment
37
, no. 12
(December 2002
): 1361
–1367
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00109-37.
Gao
J.
, Sun
W.
, and Morino
K.
, “Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced, High-Strength, Lightweight Concrete
,” Cement and Concrete Composites
19
, no. 4
(1997
): 307
–313
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00023-18.
Düzgün
O. A.
, Gül
R.
, and Aydin
A. C.
, “Effect of Steel Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
,” Materials Letters
59
, no. 27
(November 2005
): 3357
–3363
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.0719.
Köksal
F.
, Altun
F.
, Yiğit
I.
, and Y. Şahin, “Combined Effect of Silica Fume and Steel Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concretes
,” Construction and Building Materials
22
, no. 8
(August 2008
): 1874
–1880
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.01710.
Şahin
Y.
and Köksal
F.
, “The Influences of Matrix and Steel Fiber Tensile Strengths on the Fracture Energy of High-Strength Concrete
,” Construction and Building Materials
25
, no. 4
(April 2011
): 1801
–1806
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.08411.
Song
P. S.
and Hwang
S.
, “Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
,” Construction and Building Materials
18
, no. 9
(November 2004
): 669
–673
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.02712.
Gonnerman
H. F.
, “Effect of Size and Shape of Test Specimen on Compressive Strength of Concrete
,” in Proceedings of ASTM
, Vol. 25 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, 1925
), 237
–250
.13.
Blanks
R. F.
and McNamara
C. C.
, “Mass Concrete Tests in Large Cylinders
,” ACI Journal Proceedings
31
, no. 1
(January 1935
): 280
–303
, https://doi.org/10.14359/834514.
Neville
A. M.
, “A General Relation for Strengths of Concrete Specimens of Different Shapes and Sizes
,” ACI Journal Proceedings
63
, no. 10
(October 1966
): 1095
–1110
, https://doi.org/10.14359/766415.
Bažant
Z. P.
, “Size Effect in Blunt Fracture: Concrete, Rock, Metal
,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics
110
, no. 4
(April 1984
): 518
–535
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1984)110:4(518)16.
Kim
J.-K.
, Eo
S.-H.
, and Park
H.-K.
, “Size Effect in Concrete Structures without Initial Crack
,” in SP-118: Fracture Mechanics: Application to Concrete
(Farmington Hills, MI
: American Concrete Institute
, 1990
), 179
–196
.17.
Kim
J.-K.
and Eo
S.-H.
, “Size Effect in Concrete Specimens with Dissimilar Initial Cracks
,” Magazine of Concrete Research
42
, no. 153
(May 1990
): 233
–238
, https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1990.42.153.23318.
Carpinteri
A.
and Chiaia
B.
, “Multifractal Scaling Laws in the Breaking Behavior of Disordered Materials
,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
8
, no. 2
(February 1997
): 135
–150
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(96)00088-419.
Kim
J.-K.
and Yi
S.-T.
, “Application of Size Effect to Compressive Strength of Concrete Members
,” Sadhana
27
, no. 4
(August 2002
): 467, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0270699520.
del Viso
J. R.
, Carmona
J. R.
, and Ruiz
G.
, “Shape and Size Effects on the Compressive Strength of High-Strength Concrete
,” Cement and Concrete Research
38
, no. 3
(March 2008
): 386
–395
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.02021.
Wang
S.
, Zhang
M.-H.
, and Quek
S. T.
, “Effect of Specimen Size on Static Strength and Dynamic Increase Factor of High-Strength Concrete from SHPB Test
,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation
39
, no. 5
(September 2011
): 898
–907
, https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE10337022.
Sim
J.-I.
, Yang
K.-H.
, Kim
H.-Y.
, and Choi
B.-J.
, “Size and Shape Effects on Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete
,” Construction and Building Materials
38
(January 2013
): 854
–864
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.07323.
Dehestani
M.
, Nikbin
I. M.
, and Asadollahi
S.
, “Effects of Specimen Shape and Size on the Compressive Strength of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
,” Construction and Building Materials
66
(September 2014
): 685
–691
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.00824.
Nikbin
I. M.
, Dehestani
M.
, Beygi
M. H. A.
, and Rezvani
M.
, “Effects of Cube Size and Placement Direction on Compressive Strength of Self-Consolidating Concrete
,” Construction and Building Materials
59
(May 2014
): 144
–150
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.00825.
Asadollahi
S.
, Saeedian
A.
, Dehestani
M.
, and Zahedi
F.
, “Improved Compressive Fracture Models for Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
,” Construction and Building Materials
123
(October 2016
): 473
–480
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.03026.
Saeedian
A.
, Dehestani
M.
, Asadollahi
S.
, and Amiri
J. V.
, “Effect of Specimen Size on the Compressive Behavior of Self-Consolidating Concrete Containing Polypropylene Fibers
,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
29
, no. 11
(November 2017
): 04017208, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000206727.
Akbari
M.
, Khalilpour
S.
, and Dehestani
M.
, “Analysis of Material Size and Shape Effects for Steel Fiber Reinforcement Self-Consolidating Concrete
,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics
206
(February 2019
): 46
–63
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.11.05128.
Che
Y.
, Ban
S. L.
, Cui
J. Y.
, Chen
G.
, and Song
Y. P.
, “Effect of Specimen Shape and Size on Compressive Strength of Concrete
,” Advanced Materials Research
163–167
(December 2010
): 1375
–1379
, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.163-167.137529.
Chung
K. L.
, Ghannam
M.
, and Zhang
C.
, “Effect of Specimen Shapes on Compressive Strength of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) with Different Values of Water-to-Binder Ratio and PVA Fiber
,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
43
, no. 4
(April 2018
): 1825
–1837
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2776-830.
Muciaccia
G.
, Rosati
G.
, and Luzio
G. D.
, “Compressive Failure and Size Effect in Plain Concrete Cylindrical Specimens
,” Construction and Building Materials
137
(April 2017
): 185
–194
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.05731.
Nalon
G. H.
, Martins
R. O. G.
, Alvarenga
R. C. S. S.
, de Lima
G. E. S.
, Pedroti
L. G.
, and dos Santos
W. J.
, “Effect of Specimens’ Shape and Size on the Determination of Compressive Strength and Deformability of Cement-Lime Mortars
,” Materials Research
20
, no. S2
(January 2017
): 819
–825
, https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-100632.
Parsekian
G. A.
, Fonseca
F. S.
, Pinheiro
G. L.
, and Camacho
J. S.
, “Properties of Mortar Using Cubes, Prism Halves, and Cylinder Specimens
,” ACI Materials Journal
111
, no. 4
(July 2014
): 443
–454
, https://doi.org/10.14359/5168672633.
Hamad
A. J.
, “Size and Shape Effect of Specimen on the Compressive Strength of HPLWFC Reinforced with Glass Fibres
,” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences
29
, no. 4
(October 2017
): 373
–380
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2015.09.00334.
Li
M.
, Hao
H.
, Shi
Y.
, and Hao
Y.
, “Specimen Shape and Size Effects on the Concrete Compressive Strength under Static and Dynamic Tests
,” Construction and Building Materials
161
(February 2018
): 84
–93
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.06935.
Herbrand
M.
, Stark
A.
, and Hegger
J.
, “Size Effect in Unnotched Concrete Specimens in Bending: An Analytical Approach
,” Structural Concrete
20
, no. 2
(April 2019
): 660
–669
, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.20180013636.
Fládr
J.
and Bílý
P.
, “Specimen Size Effect on Compressive and Flexural Strength of High-Strength Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Containing Coarse Aggregate
,” Composites Part B: Engineering
138
(April 2018
): 77
–86
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.03237.
Abd
M. K.
and Habeeb
Z. D.
, “Effect of Specimen Size and Shape on Compressive Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete
,” Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences
7
, no. 2
(June 2014
): 16
–29
.38.
Majeed
S. A.
, “Effect of Specimen Size on Compressive, Modulus of Rupture and Splitting Strength of Cement Mortar
,” Journal of Applied Sciences
11
, no. 3
(2011
): 584
–588
, https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.584.58839.
Gul
M.
, “Effect of Cube Size on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
,” International Journal of Engineering Development and Research
4
, no. 4
(2016
): 956
–959
.40.
Sudin
M. A. S.
and Ramli
M.
, “Effect of Specimen Shape and Size on the Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete
,” MATEC Web of Conferences
10
(March 2014
): 02003, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/2014100200341.
Qasim
O. A.
, “A Review Paper on Specimens Size and Shape Effects on the Concrete Properties
,” International Journal of Recent Advances in Science and Technology
5
, no. 3
(2018
): 13
–25
, https://doi.org/10.30750/ijarst.53342.
Khalilpour
S.
and Dehestani
M.
, “Enhanced Specimen Size and Shape Effect Models for High-Strength Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
. Published ahead of print, August 9, 2019
, https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.19.0008643.
Khalilpour
S.
, BaniAsad
E.
, and Dehestani
M.
, “A Review on Concrete Fracture Energy and Effective Parameters
,” Cement and Concrete Research
120
(June 2019
): 294
–321
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.03.01344.
Segura
J.
, Pelà
L.
, Roca
P.
, and Cabané
A.
, “Experimental Analysis of the Size Effect on the Compressive Behaviour of Cylindrical Samples Core-Drilled from Existing Brick Masonry
,” Construction and Building Materials
228
(December 2019
): 116759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.11675945.
Jin
L.
, Yu
W.
, Du
X.
, Zhang
S.
, and Li
D.
, “Meso-scale Modelling of the Size Effect on Dynamic Compressive Failure of Concrete under Different Strain Rates
,” International Journal of Impact Engineering
125
(March 2019
): 1
–12
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.10.01146.
Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
(Superseded), ASTM C33-03 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved June 10, 2003
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0033-0347.
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
(Superseded), ASTM C136-06 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved February 15, 2006
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0136-0648.
Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate
(Superseded), ASTM D2419-02 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved July 10, 2002
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D2419-0249.
Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
(Superseded), ASTM C127-07 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved August 1, 2007
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0127-0750.
Standard Specification for Portland Cement
, ASTM C150/C150M-20 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved April 1, 2020
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0150_C0150M-2051.
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
(Superseded), ASTM C192/C192M-07 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved August 1, 2007
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0192_C0192M-0752.
Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders
(Superseded), ASTM C1231/C1231M-12 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved November 15, 2012
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C1231_C1231M-1253.
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
(Superseded), ASTM C39/C39M-15 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved March 15, 2015
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039_C0039M-1554.
Shannag
M. J.
, “High Strength Concrete Containing Natural Pozzolan and Silica Fume
,” Cement and Concrete Composites
22
, no. 6
(December 2000
): 399
–406
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00037-855.
Beygi
M. H. A.
, Kazemi
M. T.
, Nikbin
I. M.
, and Amiri
J. V.
, “The Effect of Water to Cement Ratio on Fracture Parameters and Brittleness of Self-Compacting Concrete
,” Materials & Design
50
(September 2013
): 267
–276
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.01856.
Bazant
Z. P.
and Planas
J.
, Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials
(Boca Raton, FL
: CRC Press
, 1997
), https://doi.org/10.1201/978020375679957.
Bažant
Z. P.
and Xiang
Y.
, “Size Effect in Compression Fracture: Splitting Crack Band Propagation
,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics
123
, no. 2
(February 1997
): 162
–172
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:2(162)
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
