Abstract

Increase in the asphalt binder prices, dwindling crude oil resources, and an enhanced obligation for environmentally sustainable asphalt binder necessitates the exploration of alternate avenues. One such promising approach is the adoption of bio-oil (BO) from biomasses for the production of asphalt binder. This study adopts BO derived from groundnut shell biomass (by fast pyrolysis) for modification of AC30. BO was incorporated in AC30 at varying dosages of 5, 10, and 15 % by weight. The tests performed included carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; absolute viscosity; softening point; dynamic viscosity; frequency sweep at multiple temperatures; performance grade (PG); multiple stress creep and recovery; and linear amplitude sweep. Both carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen and FTIR analysis indicated that BO had caused alterations at the molecular level of AC30. An increase in absolute viscosity and softening point was observed up to a BO dosage of 10 %. Dynamic viscosity was observed to increase until 5 % BO dosage. BO dosages of 10 % and 15 % were observed to increase the high-temperature PG. However, the intermediate temperature grade increased for all BO dosages. Only 15 % BO dosage caused a compromise in the low-temperature PG. Nonrecoverable creep compliance was observed to decrease until the BO dosage of 10 %, indicating an enhancement in rutting resistance. Also, fatigue life was observed to enhance until 10 % BO dosage. Overall, the study indicated that groundnut shell BO can substantially improve the resistance to primary distresses of rutting, fatigue, and thermal cracking. Conclusively, a BO dosage of 10 % was observed to be the most favorable.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
groundnut shell, bio-oil, performance grade, rutting, fatigue, low temperature, master curve, Huet model

References

1.
Fini
 
E. H.
,
Yang
 
S.-H.
, and
Xiu
 
S.
, “
Characterization and Application of Manure-Based Bio-Binder in Asphalt Industry
,” in
Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2010
),
10
–
2871
.
2.
Fini
 
E. H.
,
Al-Qadi
 
I. L.
,
You
 
Z.
,
Zada
 
B.
, and
Mills-Beale
 
J.
, “
Partial Replacement of Asphalt Binder with Bio-Binder: Characterisation and Modification
,”
International Journal of Pavement Engineering
 
13
, no. 
6
(
2012
):
515
–
522
, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.596937
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
3.
Peralta
 
J. H.
,
Silva
 
H. M. R. D.
,
Machado
 
A. V.
, and
Williams
 
R. C.
, “
Development of a Rubber Modified Fractionated Bio-Oil for Use as a Non-Crude Petroleum Binder
” (paper presentation, Semana da Escola de Engenharia, Braga, Portugal, October 24–27,
2011
).
4.
Peralta
 
J.
,
Raouf
 
M. A.
,
Tang
 
S.
, and
Williams
 
R. C.
, “
Bio-Renewable Asphalt Modifiers and Asphalt Substitutes
,” in
Sustainable Bioenergy and Bioproducts
(
London
:
Springer
,
2012
),
89
–
115
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Yang
 
X.
,
You
 
Z.
,
Dai
 
Q.
, and
Mills-Beale
 
J.
, “
Mechanical Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Bio-Oils Derived from Waste Wood Resources
,”
Construction and Building Materials
 
51
(January
2014
):
424
–
431
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.017
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
6.
Zofka
 
A.
 and
Yut
 
I.
, “
Investigation of Rheology and Aging Properties of Asphalt Binder Modified with Waste Coffee Grounds
,” in
Alternative Binders for Sustainable Asphalt Pavements
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2012
),
61
–
72
.
7.
Seidel
 
J. C.
 and
Haddock
 
J. E.
, “
Soy Fatty Acids as Sustainable Modifier for Asphalt Binders
,” in
Alternative Binders for Sustainable Asphalt Pavements
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2012
),
15
–
22
.
8.
Chen
 
M.
,
Leng
 
B.
,
Wu
 
S.
, and
Sang
 
Y.
, “
Physical, Chemical and Rheological Properties of Waste Edible Vegetable Oil Rejuvenated Asphalt Binders
,”
Construction and Building Materials
 
66
(September
2014
):
286
–
298
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.033
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
Xu
 
Y.
,
You
 
Z.
, and
Dai
 
Q.
, “
Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Modified by Bio-oil Generated from Waste Wood Resources
,”
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology
 
6
, no. 
4
(
2013
):
431
–
439
.
10.
Sun
 
Z.
,
Yi
 
J.
,
Huang
 
Y.
,
Feng
 
D.
, and
Guo
 
C.
, “
Properties of Asphalt Binder Modified by Bio-Oil Derived from Waste Cooking Oil
,”
Construction and Building Materials
 
102
(January
2016
):
496
–
504
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.173
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Williams
 
R. C.
,
Satrio
 
J.
,
Rover
 
M.
,
Brown
 
R. C.
, and
Teng
 
S.
, “
Utilization of Fractionated Bio Oil in Asphalt
,” in
88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2009
),
09
–
3187
.
12.
Zaumanis
 
M.
,
Mallick
 
R.
, and
Frank
 
R.
, “
Evaluation of Rejuvenator’s Effectiveness with Conventional Mix Testing for 100% RAP Mixtures
,” in
92nd Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2013
),
1
–
14
.
13.
Mirhosseini
 
F. A.
,
Kavussi
 
A.
,
Tahami
 
S. A.
, and
Dessouky
 
S.
, “
Characterizing Temperature Performance of Bio-Modified Binders Containing RAP Binder
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
 
30
, no. 
8
(August
2018
): 04018176, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002373
14.
You
 
Z.
,
Mills-Beale
 
J.
,
Fini
 
E.
,
Goh
 
S. W.
, and
Colbert
 
B.
, “
Evaluation of Low-Temperature Binder Properties of Warm-Mix Asphalt, Extracted and Recovered RAP and RAS, and Bioasphalt
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
 
23
, no. 
11
(November
2011
):
1569
–
1574
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000295
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
15.
Elakiya
 
M.
,
Saranya
 
S.
,
Kumar
 
C. S.
,
Gouthaman
 
J.
, and
Kirubakaran
 
V.
, “
Performance Evaluation of Groundnut Shell in a Downdraft Gasifier
,” in
International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS)
(
Piscataway, NJ
:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
,
2016
),
116
–
121
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
Raveendran
 
K.
,
Ganesh
 
A.
, and
Khilar
 
K. C.
, “
Influence of Mineral Matter on Biomass Pyrolysis Characteristics
,”
Fuel
 
74
, no. 
12
(December
1995
):
1812
–
1822
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)80013-8
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
17.
Czernik
 
S.
,
Johnson
 
D. K.
, and
Black
 
S.
, “
Stability of Wood Fast Pyrolysis Oil
,”
Biomass and Bioenergy
 
7
, nos. 
1–6
(
1994
):
187
–
192
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)00058-2
18.
Bridgwater
 
A. V.
, “
Review of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Product Upgrading
,”
Biomass and Bioenergy
 
38
(March
2012
):
68
–
94
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.048
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
Standard Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)
, ASTM D1754/D1754M-09 (
2014
) (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved June 1,
2014
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D1754_D1754M-09R14
20.
Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)
, ASTM D6521-19a (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved November 1,
2019
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D6521-19A
21.
Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
, ASTM D2171/D2171M-18 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved December 15,
2018
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D2171_D2171M-18
22.
Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
, ASTM D36/D36M-14e1 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved July 1,
2014
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D0036_D0036M-14E01
23.
Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
, ASTM D4402/D4402M-15 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved May 1,
2015
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D4402_D4402M-15
24.
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer
, ASTM D7175-15 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved July 1,
2015
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D7175-15
25.
Standard Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt Binder
, ASTM D6373-16 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved September 1,
2016
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D6373-16
26.
Standard Test Method for Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)
, ASTM D6648–08 (
2016
) (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved October 1,
2016
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D6648-08R16
27.
Standard Test Method for Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer
, ASTM D7405-20 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved March 1,
2020
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D7405-20
28.
Standard Method of Test for Estimating Fatigue Resistance of Asphalt Binders Using the Linear Amplitude Sweep
, AASHTO TP 101 (
Washington, DC
:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
,
2012
).
29.
Branthaver
 
J. F.
,
Petersen
 
J. C.
,
Robertson
 
R. E.
,
Duvall
 
J. J.
,
Kim
 
S. S.
,
Harnsberger
 
P. M.
,
Mill
 
T.
,
Ensley
 
E. K.
,
Barbour
 
F. A.
, and
Schabron
 
J. F.
,
Binder Characterization and Evaluation, Volume 2: Chemistry, Report SHRP-A-368
(
Washington, DC
:
Strategic Highway Research Program
,
1993
).
30.
Yusoff
 
N. I. M.
,
Shaw
 
M. T.
, and
Airey
 
G. D.
, “
Modelling the Linear Viscoelastic Rheological Properties of Bituminous Binders
,”
Construction and Building Materials
 
25
, no. 
5
(May
2011
):
2171
–
2189
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.086
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
31.
Christensen
 
D.
,
Mensching
 
D.
,
Rowe
 
G.
,
Anderson
 
R. M.
,
Hanz
 
A.
,
Reinke
 
G.
, and
Anderson
 
D.
,
Past, Present, and Future of Asphalt Binder Rheological Parameters: Synopsis of 2017 Technical Session 307 at the 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
,
Transportation Research Circular E-C241
(
Washington, DC
:
Transportation Research Board
,
2019
).
32.
Falchetto
 
A. C.
,
Turos
 
M. I.
, and
Marasteanu
 
M. O.
, “
Investigation on Asphalt Binder Strength at Low Temperatures
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
 
13
, no. 
4
(December
2012
):
804
–
816
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.735793
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
33.
Falchetto
 
A. C.
 and
Moon
 
K. H.
, “
Micromechanical–Analogical Modelling of Asphalt Binder and Asphalt Mixture Creep Stiffness Properties at Low Temperature
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
 
16
, no. 
S1
(April
2015
):
111
–
137
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1029708
34.
Riccardi
 
C.
,
Falchetto
 
A. C.
,
Wang
 
D.
, and
Wistuba
 
M. P.
, “
Effect of Cooling Medium on Low-Temperature Properties of Asphalt Binder
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
 
18
, no. 
S4
(October
2017
):
234
–
255
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1389072
35.
Wang
 
D.
,
Falchetto
 
A. C.
,
Riccardi
 
C.
,
Poulikakos
 
L.
,
Hofko
 
B.
,
Porot
 
L.
,
Wistuba
 
M. P.
,
Baaj
 
H.
,
Mikhailenko
 
P.
, and
Moon
 
K. H.
, “
Investigation on the Combined Effect of Aging Temperatures and Cooling Medium on Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Based on DSR and BBR
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
 
20
, no. 
S1
(April
2019
):
S409
–
S433
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1589559
36.
Huet
 
C.
, “
Étude par une méthode d’impédance du comportement viscoélastique des matériaux hydrocarbonés
” (PhD diss.,
Universiteé de Paris
,
1963
).
37.
Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
, ASTM D5/D5M-20 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved May 1,
2020
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D0005_D0005M-20
38.
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
, ASTM D2170/2170M-18 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved December 15,
2018
), https://doi.org/10.1520/D2170_D2170M-18
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.