Abstract

Excessive midspan deflection is often observed in large-span prestressed concrete girder bridges. In particular, the deformation caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete is an important part of deflection that often exceeds expectations. To achieve creep deformation control, extending the curing time and postponing the loading age are frequently adopted during construction. This article proposed an approach based on creep experiments with prismatic and beam specimens and viscoelastic model-based finite element analyses to evaluate the effect of the concrete strength development factor on the ultimate creep coefficient in the Comité Euro-International du Béton-Fédération internationale de la précontrainte (CEB-FIP) model. The concrete strength development factor ξcc(t/tu) is defined as the ratio of the mean compressive strength at the loading time to the maximum mean compressive strength obtained in the test. The strategies for targeted regulation and control of ξcc(t/tu) were discussed by establishing an artificial neural networks model for strength prediction from a database provided in our previous work. Uniaxial compressive prismatic specimens and pure bending beam specimens with a span of 5.0 m were used in the experiment for creep behavior observation. A viscoelastic finite element analysis (FEA) model was established based on solidification theory. The FEA model results were verified with measured data for capturing the creep behavior under ambient conditions to obtain reliable long-term creep deformation predictions. Finally, the proposed method was validated with the Xincheng bridge construction for the optimistic loading age determination, and the results indicated good feasibility in girder deflection control.

References

1.
Guo
T.
,
Chen
Z.
,
Liu
T.
, and
Han
D.
, “
Time-Dependent Reliability of Strengthened PSC Box-Girder Bridge Using Phased and Incremental Static Analyses
,”
Engineering Structures
117
(June
2016
):
358
371
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.011
2.
Burgoyne
C.
and
Scantlebury
R.
, “
Lessons Learned from the Bridge Collapse in Palau
,”
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineeering
161
, no. 
6
(November
2008
):
28
34
. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.2008.161.6.28
3.
Bažant
Z. P.
,
Yu
Q.
, and
Li
G.-H.
, “
Excessive Long-Time Deflections of Prestressed Box Girders. I: Record-Span Bridge in Palau and Other Paradigms
,”
Journal of Structural Engineering
138
, no. 
6
(June
2012
):
676
686
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000487
4.
Feng
D.
,
Feng
M. Q.
,
Qzer
E.
, and
Fukuda
Y.
, “
A Vision-Based Sensor for Noncontact Structural Displacement Measurement
,”
Sensors
15
, no. 
7
(July
2015
):
16557
16575
. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716557
5.
Au
F. T. K.
and
Si
X. T.
, “
Accurate Time-Dependent Analysis of Concrete Bridges Considering Concrete Creep, Concrete Shrinkage and Cable Relaxation
,”
Engineering Structures
33
, no. 
1
(January
2011
):
118
126
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.024
6.
Bažant
Z. P.
, “
Prediction of Concrete Creep and Shrinkage: Past, Present and Future
,”
Nuclear Engineering and Design
203
, no. 
1
(January
2001
):
27
38
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-5493(00)00299-5
7.
Shariq
M.
,
Prasad
J.
, and
Abbas
H.
, “
Creep and Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Containing GGBFS
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
68
(April
2016
):
35
45
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.004
8.
Zhao
Q.
,
Liu
X.
, and
Jiang
J.
, “
Effect of Curing Temperature on Creep Behavior of Fly Ash Concrete
,”
Construction and Building Materials
96
(October
2015
):
326
333
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.030
9.
Jones
C. A.
and
Grasley
Z. C.
, “
Short-Term Creep of Cement Paste during Nanoindentation
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
33
, no. 
1
(January
2011
):
12
18
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.016
10.
Lavergne
F.
,
Sab
K.
,
Sanahuja
J.
,
Bornert
M.
, and
Toulemonde
C.
, “
Investigation of the Effect of Aggregates’ Morphology on Concrete Creep Properties by Numerical Simulations
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
71
(May
2015
):
14
28
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.01.003
11.
Torrenti
J.-M.
and
Roy
R. L.
, “
Analysis of Some Basic Creep Tests on Concrete and Their Implications for Modeling
,”
Structural Concrete
19
, no. 
2
(April
2018
):
483
488
. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201600197
12.
Lopez
M.
,
Kahn
L. F.
, and
Kurtis
K. E.
, “
Characterization of Elastic and Time-Dependent Deformations in High Performance Lightweight Concrete by Image Analysis
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
39
, no. 
7
(July
2009
):
610
619
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.03.015
13.
Lopez
M.
,
Kahn
L. F.
, and
Kurtis
K. E.
, “
Characterization of Elastic and Time-Dependent Deformations in Normal Strength and High Performance Concrete by Image Analysis
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
37
, no. 
8
(August
2007
):
1265
1277
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.05.011
14.
Ichinose
L. H.
,
Watanabe
E.
, and
Nakai
H.
, “
An Experimental Study on Creep of Concrete Filled Steel Pipes
,”
Journal of Constructional Steel Research
57
, no. 
4
(April
2001
):
453
466
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(00)00021-3
15.
Tong
T.
,
Liu
Z.
,
Zhang
J.
, and
Yu
Q.
, “
Long-Term Performance of Prestressed Concrete Bridges under the Intertwined Effects of Concrete Damage, Static Creep and Traffic-Induced Cyclic Creep
,”
Engineering Structures
127
(November
2016
):
510
524
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.004
16.
Guo
T.
,
Chen
Z.
,
Liu
T.
, and
Han
D.
, “
Time-Dependent Reliability of Strengthened PSC Box-Girder Bridge Using Phased and Incremental Static Analyses
,”
Engineering Structures
117
(June
2016
):
358
371
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.011
17.
Bažant
Z. P.
and
Jirásek
M.
,
Creep and Hygrothermal Effects in Concrete Structures
(
Dordrecht, the Netherlands
:
Springer
,
2018
). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1138-6
18.
Bažant
Z. P.
and
Prasannan
S.
, “
Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep. II: Verification and Application
,”
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
115
, no. 
8
(August
1989
):
1704
1725
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:8(1704)
19.
Quevedo
F. P. M.
,
Schmitz
R. J.
,
Morsch
I. B.
,
Campos Filho
A.
, and
Bernaud
D.
, “
Customization of a Software of Finite Elements to Analysis of Concrete Structures: Long-Term Effects
,”
Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais
11
, no. 
4
(July/August
2018
):
696
718
. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952018000400005
20.
Goel
R.
,
Kumar
R.
, and
Paul
D. K.
, “
Comparative Study of Various Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Models for Concrete
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
19
, no. 
3
(March
2007
):
249
260
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:3(249)
21.
Guo
T.
,
Sause
R.
,
Frangopol
D. M.
, and
Li
A.
, “
Time-Dependent Reliability of PSC Box-Girder Bridge Considering Creep, Shrinkage, and Corrosion
,”
Journal of Bridge Engineering
16
, no. 
1
(January
2011
):
29
43
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000135
22.
Sun
Y.
,
Wang
Z.
,
Gao
Q.
, and
Liu
C.
, “
A New Mixture Design Methodology Based on the Packing Density Theory for High Performance Concrete in Bridge Engineering
,”
Construction and Building Materials
182
(September
2018
):
80
93
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.062
23.
Eskandari-Naddaf
H.
and
Kazemi
R.
, “
ANN Prediction of Cement Mortar Compressive Strength, Influence of Cement Strength Class
,”
Construction and Building Materials
138
(May
2017
):
1
11
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.132
24.
Asteris
P. G.
,
Kolovos
K. G.
,
Douvika
M. G.
, and
Roinos
K.
, “
Prediction of Self-Compacting Concrete Strength Using Artificial Neural Networks
,”
European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering
20
, sup. 
1
(November
2016
):
s102
s122
. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1246693
25.
Bažant
Z. P.
and
Wang
T.-S.
, “
Practical Prediction of Cyclic Humidity Effect in Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete
,”
Materials and Structures
18
, no. 
4
(July
1985
):
247
252
. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472911
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.