https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2423-451X
Abstract
The need for colored reinforced concrete (RC) structures has increased in the modern building industry. This paper assesses the effect of white-colored titanium dioxide as well as red- and yellow-colored iron oxide (IO) pigments on the structural properties of RC beams with or without stirrups. The concrete mixtures had a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5, while pigments were added at 1.5 % and 3 % of cement mass. Test results showed that the concrete compressive strength increased with such additions (i.e., about 20 % to 31 % for mixtures containing 3 % pigment rates), given the micro-filler effect that enhanced the binder-packing density and refined the matrix microstructure. The incorporation of pigments had an insignificant influence on the ultimate flexural strength of under-reinforced beams containing stirrups, wherein the load-carrying capacity is controlled by yielding of the tensile steel reinforcement. In contrast, the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups improved with such additions (i.e., about 28 % to 70 % for mixtures containing 3 % pigment rates), particularly the yellow IO having a needle-shaped morphology. In addition to the micro-filler effect, the needles could have acted as nucleation sites to create bridging hydrating compounds that enhanced the aggregate interlock mechanism.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
References
1.
Bartos
P.
, Fresh Concrete Properties and Test
(Amsterdam, the Netherlands
: Elsevier
, 1992
).2.
Chang
Y.-H.
, Huang
P.-H.
, Chuang
T.-F.
, and Chang
S.-W.
, “A Pilot Study of the Color Performance of Recycling Green Building Materials
,” Journal of Building Engineering
7
(September 2016
): 114
–120
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.06.0013.
Mahinroosta
M.
and Allverdi
A.
, “A Scoping Review on Integrating Inorganic Nanomaterials into Cement Composites
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
8
, no. 3
(October 2019
): 526
–553
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM201900674.
Weber
P.
, Imhof
E.
, and Olhaut
B.
, “Coloring Pigments in Concrete: Remedies for Fluctuations in Raw Materials and Concrete Recipes
,” BFT International
75
, no. 7
(2009
): 4
–15
.5.
Jang
H.-S.
, Kang
Y.-S.
, and So
S.-Y.
, “Color Expression Characteristics and Physical Properties of Colored Mortar Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and White Portland Cement
,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
18
, no. 4
(April 2014
): 1125
–1132
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0452-z6.
Loh
K.
, Gaylarde
C. C.
, and Shirakawa
M. A.
, “Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles for Use in Cement Mixes
,” Construction and Building Materials
167
(April 2018
): 853
–859
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.1037.
Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
, ASTM C979/C979M-16 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved January 1, 2016
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0979_C0979M-168.
Collepardi
M.
and Passuelo
A.
, “The Best SCC: Stable, Durable and Colourable
,” in Proceedings of the Fourth International ACI/CANMET Conference on Quality of Concrete Structures and Recent Advances in Concrete Materials and Testing–Furnas Centrais Electricas SA
(Farmington Hills, MI
: American Concrete Institute
, 2005
), 1
–9
.9.
Positieri
M. J.
and Helene
P.
, “Physicomechanical Properties and Durability of Structural Colored Concrete
,” ACI Special Publications
253
(July 2008
): 183
–200
.10.
Yıldızel
S. A.
, Kaplan
G.
, and Öztürk
A. U.
, “Cost Optimization of Mortars Containing Different Pigments and Their Freeze-Thaw Resistance Properties
,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
2016
(2016
): 5346213, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/534621311.
Wood
A.
, Lee
J.
, and Struble
L. J.
, “Effect of Material Parameters on Color of Cementitious Pastes
,” Journal of ASTM International
4
, no. 8
(August 2007
): 1
–18
, https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI10078312.
Bertolini
L.
and Lollini
F.
, “Effects of Weathering on Colour of Concrete Paving Blocks
,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering
15
, no. 6
(October 2011
): 939
–957
, https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2011.969528113.
Corinaldesi
V.
, Monosi
S.
, and Letizia Ruello
M.
, “Influence of Inorganic Pigments’ Addition on the Performance of Coloured SCC
,” Construction and Building Materials
30
(May 2012
): 289
–293
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.03714.
Lu
K.
, “Preparation and Surface Modification of Transparent Yellow Iron Oxide Pigment
,” Chemical Engineering Transactions
62
(2017
): 265
–270
, https://doi.org/10.3303/CET176204515.
Lee
H.-S.
, Lee
J.-Y.
, and Yu
M.-Y.
, “Influence of Inorganic Pigments on the Fluidity of Cement Mortars
,” Cement and Concrete Research
35
, no. 4
(April 2005
): 703
–710
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.01016.
Assaad
J. J.
, Nasr
D.
, Chawaifaty
S.
, and Tawk
T.
, “Parametric Study on Polymer-Modified Pigmented Cementitious Overlays for Colored Applications
,” Journal of Building Engineering
27
(January 2020
): 101009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.10100917.
Lee
H.-S.
, Lee
J.-Y.
, and Yu
M.-Y.
, “Influence of Iron Oxide Pigments on the Properties of Concrete Interlocking Blocks
,” Cement and Concrete Research
33
, no. 11
(November 2003
): 1889
–1896
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00209-618.
Lucas
S. S.
, Ferreira
V. M.
, and Barroso de Aguiar
J. L.
, “Incorporation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Mortars—Influence of Microstructure in the Hardened State Properties and Photocatalytic Activity
,” Cement and Concrete Research
43
(January 2013
): 112
–120
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.00719.
Chen
J.
, Kou
S.-C.
, and Poon
C.-S.
, “Hydration and Properties of Nano-TiO2 Blended Cement Composites
,” Cement and Concrete Composites
34
, no. 5
(May 2012
): 642
–649
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.00920.
Zhang
R.
, Cheng
X.
, Hou
P.
, and Ye
Z.
, “Influences of Nano-TiO2 on the Properties of Cement-Based Materials: Hydration and Drying Shrinkage
,” Construction and Building Materials
81
(April 2015
): 35
–41
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.00321.
López
A.
, Tobes
J. M.
, Giaccio
G.
, and Zerbino
R.
, “Advantages of Mortar-Based Design for Coloured Self-Compacting Concrete
,” Cement and Concrete Composites
31
, no. 10
(November 2009
): 754
–761
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.07.00522.
Hatami
L.
and Jamshidi
M.
, “Application of SBR-Included Pre-milled Colored Paste as a New Approach for Coloring Self-Consolidating Mortars (SCMs)
,” Cement and Concrete Composites
65
(January 2016
): 110
–117
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.10.01523.
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
, ACI 318-19 (Farmington Hills, MI
: American Concrete Institute
, 2019
).24.
Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
, ASTM A615/A615M-20 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved April 1, 2020
), https://doi.org/10.1520/A0615_A0615M-2025.
Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
, ASTM C143/C143M-15a (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved December 15, 2015
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0143_C0143M-15A26.
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
, ASTM C231/C231M-17a (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved April 18, 2017
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C231_C231M-1727.
Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
, ASTM C642-13 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved February 8, 2013
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C642-1328.
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
, ASTM C39/C39M-05 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved November 1, 2005
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039_C0039M-0529.
Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
, ASTM C496/C496M-04 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved February 1, 2004
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0496_C0496M-0430.
McCormac
J. C.
and Brown
R. H.
, Design of Reinforced Concrete
, 9th ed. (Hoboken, NJ
: Wiley
, 2014
).31.
Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete
, ASTM C597-16 (West Conshohocken, PA
: ASTM International
, approved April 1, 2016
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0597-1632.
Jabbour
R.
, Assaad
J. J.
, and Hamad
B.
, “Cost-to-Performance Assessment of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers in Concrete Structures
,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures
. Published ahead of print, February 5, 2021
, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2021.188262533.
Arezoumandi
M.
, Volz
J.
, and Ortega
C.
, “Effect of Fly Ash on the Shear Strength of Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
2
, no. 1
(May 2013
): 233
–251
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM2012005234.
Assaad
J. J.
, “Assessment of Rheology Variations of Cement Pastes Containing Clinker Grinding Aids Compliant with ASTM C465
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
4
, no. 1
(2015
): 94
–114
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20140038.35.
Ohama
Y.
, Handbook of Polymer-Modified Concrete and Mortars: Properties and Process Technology
(Park Ridge, NJ
: Noyes Publications
, 1995
).36.
Mostafazadeh
M.
and Abolmaali
A.
, “Shear Behavior of Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
5
, no. 1
(December 2016
): 371
–386
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM2016000537.
Raad
D.
and Assaad
J. J.
, “Structural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Containing Thermosetting Polymer Plastic Wastes
,” Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
. Published ahead of print, March 18, 2021
, https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2021.189999838.
Kwak
Y.-K.
, Eberhard
M. O.
. Kim
W.-S.
, and Kim
J.
, “Shear Strength of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups
,” Structural Journal
99
, no. 4
(July 2002
): 530
–538
.39.
Assaad
J. J.
, Daou
A.
, and Daou
Y.
, “Bond Properties of Polymer-Modified Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Containing Expanded Polystyrene
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
8
, no. 1
(October 2019
): 558
–572
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM2019013940.
Ridha
M. M. S.
, Al-Shaarbaf
I. A. S.
, and Sarsam
K. F.
, “Experimental Study on Shear Resistance of Reactive Powder Concrete Beams without Stirrups
,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures
27
, no. 12
(November 2018
): 1006
–1018
, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2018.150425841.
Toufigh
V.
, Toufigh
V.
, Saadatmanesh
H.
, and Ahmari
S.
, “Strength Evaluation and Energy-Dissipation Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete
,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials
2
, no. 1
(December 2013
): 622
–636
, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20130074
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
