Abstract

This study was to investigate the concrete creep and shrinkage of early-age concrete at cold temperatures and to analyze their characteristics compared with the creep and shrinkage measured at room temperature. Concrete creep frames were used to apply a sustained force to specimens. One frame was located in a laboratory at room temperature, and the other was in a cold room. An MTS test machine with an environmental chamber was used to test other specimens at the same time with an improved accuracy in force and temperature control. Test results showed that the concrete creep and shrinkage stayed dormant at the cold temperature (−40°C and −55°C). But the creep and shrinkage resumed once the temperature increased from the cold to room temperature. The concrete creep and shrinkage strain change pattern was similar to the one measured from specimens at room temperature. When concrete was loaded at the cold temperature and the temperature changed from the cold to room temperature, there was a substantial increase in strain as the temperature changed. The accumulated creep and shrinkage were greater than the ones measured from the specimen placed in room temperature.

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
concrete creep, concrete shrinkage, early-age concrete, cold temperature, creep frame

References

1.
Rüsch
 
H.
, “
Researches Toward a General Flexural Theory for Structural Concrete
,”
ACI-Journal Proceedings
 
57
, no. 
7
(July
1960
):
1
–
28
.
2.
American Concrete Institute,
Report on Factors Affecting Shrinkage and Creep of Hardened Concrete (ACI 209.1R-05)
(Farmington Hills, MI:
American Concrete Institute
,
2005
).
3.
Byard
 
B. E.
 and
Schindler
 
A. K.
, “
Modeling Early-Age Stress Development of Restrained Concrete
,”
Materials and Structures
 
48
, nos. 
1–2
(January
2013
):
435
–
450
, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0194-2
4.
Choi
 
S.
,
Cha
 
S. W.
, and
Oh
 
B. H.
, “
Identification of Viscoelastic Behavior for Early-Age Concrete Based on Measured Strain and Stress Histories
,”
Materials and Structures
 
43
, no. 
8
(October
2010
):
1161
–
1175
, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9574-z
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
American Concrete Institute,
Guide for Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete (ACI 209.2R-08)
(Farmington Hills, MI:
American Concrete Institute
,
2008
).
6.
AASHTO
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
, 8th ed. (
Washington, DC
:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
,
2017
).
7.
Naus
 
D. J.
,
The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Materials and Structures-A Literature Review (ORNL/TM-2005/553)
(
Oak Ridge, TN
:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
,
2005
).
8.
Brooks
 
J. J.
,
Concrete and Masonry Movements
(
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
:
Elsevier
,
2015
).
9.
Neville
 
A. M.
,
Properties of Concrete
, 5th ed. (
London
:
Pearson
,
2011
).
10.
Johansen
 
R.
 and
Best
 
C. H.
, “
Creep of Concrete with and without Ice in the System
,”
RILEM Bulletin
 
16
, no. 
16
(
1962
):
47
–
57
.
11.
Turner
 
F. H.
, “
Concrete and Cryogenics–Part 1
,”
Concrete
 
14
, no. 
5
(
1980
):
29
–
40
.
12.
Browne
 
R. D.
 and
Bamforth
 
P. B.
, “
The Use of Concrete for Cryogenic Storage: A Summary of Research, Past and Present
,” in
Cryogenic Concrete: Proceedings of the First International Conference
(
Boston, MA
:
Addison-Wesley
,
1981
),
135
–
166
.
13.
DeRosa
 
D.
,
Hoult
 
N. A.
, and
Green
 
M. F.
, “
Effects of Varying Temperature on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete
,”
Materials and Structures
 
48
(April
2015
):
1109
–
1123
, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0218-y
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
14.
Berner
 
B. C.
,
Gerwick
 
J.
, and
Polivka
 
M.
, “
Static and Cyclic Behavior of Structural Lightweight Concrete at Cryogenic Temperatures
,” in
Temperature Effects on Concrete
, ed.
Naik
 
T. R.
 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
,
1985
),
21
–
37
, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP34206S
15.
Lee
 
G. C.
,
Shih
 
T. S.
, and
Chang
 
K. C.
, “
Mechanical Properties of Concrete at Low Temperature
,”
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
 
2
, no. 
1
(March
1988
):
13
–
24
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1988)2:1(13)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
Lee
 
G. C.
,
Shih
 
T. S.
, and
Chang
 
K. C.
, “
Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Concrete at Low Temperature
,”
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
 
2
, no. 
4
(December
1988
):
169
–
178
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1988)2:4(169)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
17.
Montejo
 
L. A.
,
Kowalsky
 
M. J.
, and
Hassan
 
T.
, “
Seismic Behavior of Flexural Dominated Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns at Low Temperatures
,”
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
 
23
, no. 
1
(March
2009
):
18
–
42
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2009)23:1(18)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
Montejo
 
L. A.
,
Sloan
 
J. E.
,
Kowalsky
 
M. J.
, and
Hassan
 
T.
, “
Cyclic Response of Reinforced Concrete Members at Low Temperatures
,”
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
 
22
, no. 
3
(September
2008
):
79
–
102
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2008)22:3(79)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
Kogbara
 
R. B.
,
Iyengar
 
S. R.
,
Grasley
 
Z. C.
,
Masad
 
E. A.
, and
Zollinger
 
D. G.
, “
A Review of Concrete Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures: Towards Direct LNG Containment
,”
Construction and Building Materials
 
47
(October
2013
):
760
–
770
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.025
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
20.
American Concrete Institute
Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temerature Effects in Concrete Structures (ACI 209R-92)
(Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute,
1992
).
21.
Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression
, ASTM C469/C469M-14e1 (
West Conshohocken, PA
:
ASTM International
, approved March 1,
2014
), https://doi.org/10.1520/C0469_C0469M-14E01
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.