Abstract
In this paper, the structure of concrete is reviewed, and the analysis of concrete components is presented from the viewpoint of diagnosing that structure. The diagnosis of a complex concrete structure entails the identification of concrete components—such as aggregate, paste, pores, etc.—and the estimation of concrete quality, existing damage, and possible causes of failures. The most effective methods for concrete diagnosis, such as microscopic image analysis, are briefly described. The importance of quantitative results of material analysis and image processing is highlighted.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Mailvaganam
, N. P.
and Zhang
, J.
, “Structural and Patch Repair in Concrete Structures
,” Cem. Concr. Compos.
, Vol. 28
, 2006
, pp. 669
–670
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.05.0072.
Allen
, D.
, 1977
, “ACI Terror Survey—Canadian Data
,” Building Res. Note No. 123, Ottawa, ON, Canada
.3.
Fraczek
, J.
, “ACI Survey of Concrete Structure Errors
,” Concr. Int.
, Vol. 1
, No. 12
, 1979
, pp. 14
–20
.4.
Hauser
, R.
, “Lessons from European Failures
,” Concr. Int.
, Vol. 1
, No. 12
, 1979
, pp. 21
–25
.5.
Funk
, G.
and Reinhardt
, H. W.
, “CONTECES—An Expert System for the Identification of Deteriorating Processes in Concrete Structures
,” Advances in Building Materials Science
, Wittmann
F. H.
, Ed., Aedificatio Publishers
, Freiburg, Germany
, 1996
.6.
Kucharska
, L.
, “Failures and Damages of Structures. Concrete and Its Development
,” Conference on Failures in Constructions
, Międzyzdroje, Poland
, May 22–26, 2001
, Szczecin University of Technology
, pp. 89
–118
(in Polish).7.
Jakobsen
, U. H.
, Laugesen
, P.
, and Thaulow
, N.
, “Determination of Water-Cement Ratio in Hardened Concrete by Optical Fluorescence Microscopy
,” Water-Cement Ratio and Other Durability Parameters—Techniques for Determination, SP-191
, Khan
M. S.
, Ed., American Concrete Institute
, Farmington Hills, MI
, 2000
, pp. 27
–41
.8.
“
Diagnosis of Concretes and High Performance Concretes by Structural Analysis
,” NATO Scientific Affairs Division Report
, Brandt
A. M.
and Kasperkiewicz
J.
, Eds., Warsaw, Poland
, 2003
(in Polish).9.
Marks
, M.
, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
, and Glinicki
, M. A.
, “Automatic Categorization of Chloride Migration into Concrete Modified With CFBC Ash
,” Comput. Concr.
, Vol. 9
(5
), 2012
, pp. 375
–387
.10.
Marks
, M.
, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
, Glinicki
, M. A.
, Olek
, J.
, and Marks
, M.
, “Assessment of Scaling Durability of Concrete With CFBC Ash by Automatic Classification Rules
,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.
, Vol. 24
(7
), 2012
, pp. 860
–867
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000046411.
Brandt
, A. M.
, Cement-based Composites. Materials, Mechanical Properties and Performance
, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis
, London
, 2009
.12.
Landis
, E. N.
and Nagy
, E. N.
, “Three-dimensional Work of Fracture for Mortar in Compression
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
, Vol. 65
, 2000
, pp. 223
–234
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00124-113.
Garboczi
, E. J.
, “Three-dimensional Mathematical Analysis of Particle Shape Using X-ray Tomography and Spherical Harmonics: Application to Aggregates Used in Concrete
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 32
, 2002
, pp. 1621
–1638
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00836-014.
Jensen
, A. D.
, Eriksen
, K.
, Chatterji
, S.
, Thaulow
, N.
, and Brandt
, I.
, Petrographic Analysis of Concrete
, Beton-Teknik/Aalborg Portland
, Denmark
, 1985
.15.
Aveston
, J.
and Kelly
, A.
, “Theory of Multiple Fracture of Fibrous Composites
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, Vol. 8
(3
), 1973
, pp. 352
–362
. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0055015516.
Kasperkiewicz
, J.
, Malmberg
, B.
, and Skarendahl
, Å.
, “Determination of Fibre Content, Distribution and Orientation in Steel Fibre Concrete by X-ray Technique
,” Proceedings of the RILEM Symposium: Testing and Test Methods of Fibre Cement Composites
, Swamy
R. N.
, Ed., The Construction Press
, Sheffield, UK
, 1978
, pp. 297
–305
.17.
Diamond
, S.
, “Considerations in Image Analysis as Applied to Investigations of the ITZ in Concrete
,” Cem. Concr. Compos.
, Vol. 23
, 2001
, pp. 171
–178
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00085-818.
Ringot
, E.
, “Automatic Quantification of Microcracks Network by Stereological Method of Total Projections in Mortars and Concretes
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 18
, 1988
, pp. 35
–43
. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90119-619.
Litorowicz
, A.
, 2005
, “Identification of Crack Mezzostructure and Its Relation to Concrete Permeability
,” Ph.D. thesis, IFTR
Warsaw, Poland.20.
Pleau
, R.
, Pigeon
, M.
, and Laurencot
, J. L.
, “Some Findings on the Usefulness of Image Analysis for Determining the Characteristics of the Air-void System on Hardened Concrete
,” Cem. Concr. Compos.
, Vol. 23
, 2001
, pp. 237
–246
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00079-221.
Sanjuán
, M. A.
, Andrade
, C.
, and Cheyrezy
, M.
, “Concrete Carbonation Depth in Natural and Accelerated Conditions
,” Adv. Cem. Res.
, Vol. 15
(4
), 2003
, pp. 171
–180
. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.4.17122.
Neville
, A.
, “How Closely Can We Determine the Water-Cement Ratio of Hardened Concrete?
” Mater. Struct.
, Vol. 36
, 2003
, pp. 311
–318
. https://doi.org/10.1617/1392823.
Skalny
, J.
, Marchand
, J.
, and Odler
, I.
, “Sulfate Attack on Concrete
,” Modern Concrete Technology
, Vol. 10
, 2002
, p. 217.24.
Mehta
, P. K.
and Monteneiro
, P. J. M.
, Concrete-Microstructure, Properties and Materials
, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill
, New York
, 1993
.25.
Dantu
, P.
, “Etude des Contraintes dans les Milieu Hétérogénes. Applications au Béton [Study of the Stress in Heterogeneous Media. Applications for Concrete]
,” Ann. Inst. Tech. Bat. Trav. Publics
, Vol. 11
(121
), 1957
, pp. 55
–67
(in French).26.
ASTM C457/C457M 10a
, 1991
, “Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol. 04.02
, ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, pp. 229
–240
.27.
Dequiedt
, A. S.
, Coster
, M.
, Chermant
, L.
, and Chermant
, J.-L.
, “Distances between Air-Voids in Concrete by Automatic Methods
,” Cem. Concr. Compos.
, Vol. 23
, 2001
, pp. 247
–254
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00055-X28.
Kurgan
, G. J.
, “Air Void Analyzer: An American Perspective
,” Seminar on Advanced NDT Techniques for Concrete Structures
, Educational Workshop on “Advanced NDT Techniques for Concrete Structures” Germann Instruments
, Warsaw, Poland
, May 20, 2007
.29.
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
and Kowalska
, D.
, “Estimation of the Parameters of the Air-void Structure in Airfield Pavement Concrete
,” Concrete Days
, Wisła, Poland, Oct 13–15, 2008
, Federation of Producers of Cement
, Kracow, Poland
, pp. 719
–727
(in Polish).30.
Litorowicz
, A.
, “Identification and Quantification of Cracks in Concrete by Optical Fluorescent Microscopy
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 36
, 2006
, pp. 1508
–1515
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.01131.
Ammouche
, A.
, Breysse
, D.
, Hornain
, H.
, Didry
, O.
, and Marchand
, J.
, “A New Image Analysis Technique for the Quantitative Assessment of Microcracks in Cement-based Materials
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 30
, 2000
, pp. 25
–35
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00212-432.
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
, Brandt
, A. M.
, and Ranachowski
, Z.
, “Self-healing of Cracks in Fibre Reinforced Mortar Beams Made With High Calcium Fly Ash
,” Cement Wapno Beton
, Vol. 17
, 2012
, pp. 38
–49
.33.
Glinicki
, M. A.
and Brandt
, A. M.
, “Quantification of Glass Fibre-Cement Interfacial Properties by SEM-based Push-out Test
,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on HPFRCC
, Naaman
A. E.
and Reinhardt
H. W.
, Eds., RILEM Publications
, Workshop in Mainz, Germany
, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L., 2007
, pp. 343
–350
.34.
Mindess
, S.
, Young
, J. F.
, and Darwin
, D.
, Concrete
, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ
, 2003
.35.
Lyubimova
, T. J.
and Pinus
, E. R.
, “Crystallization Processes in the Contact Zone between Aggregate and Matrix in Cement Concrete
,” Kolloidn. Z.
, Vol. 24
(5
), 1962
, pp. 578
–587
(in Russian).36.
Igarashi
, S.
, Bentur
, A.
, and Mindess
, S.
, “Microhardness Testing of Cementitious Materials
,” Adv. Cem. Based Mater.
, Vol. 4
, 1996
, pp. 48
–57
.37.
Miller
, M.
, Bobko
, C.
, Vandamme
, M.
, and Ulm
, F.-J.
, “Surface Roughness Criteria for Cement Paste Nanoindentation
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 38
, 2008
, pp. 467
–476
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.01438.
Sorelli
, L.
, Constantinides
, G.
, Ulm
, F. J.
, and Toutlemonde
, F.
, “The Nano-mechanical Signature of Ultra High Performance Concrete by Statistical Nanoindentation Techniques
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 38
, 2008
, pp. 1447
–1456
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.09.00239.
Han
, J. D.
and Pan
, G. H.
, “Application of Nanoindentation to Investigate Chemomechanical Properties Change of Cement Paste in the Carbonation Reaction
,” Sci. China, Ser. E: Technol. Sci.
, Vol. 55
(3
), 2012
, pp. 616
–622
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4571-140.
Glinicki
, M. A.
and Zieliński
, M.
, “Depth-sensing Indentation Method for Evaluation of Efficiency of Secondary Cementitious Materials
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 34
, 2004
, pp. 721
–724
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.10.01441.
Glinicki
, M. A.
, Ranachowski
, Z.
, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
, Dąbrowski
, M.
, Wołowicz
, J.
, Sobczak
, M.
, and Dębowski
, T.
, “Microhardeness Testing Procedure Applied to Blended Cement-based Matrix
,” International Symposium on Brittle Matrix Composites (BMC-10)
, Warsaw, Poland, Oct 15–17, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
, Warsaw
, 2012
.42.
Feng
, X.
, Garboczi
, E. J.
, Bentz
, D. P.
, Stutzman
, P. E.
, and Mason
, T. O.
, “Estimation of the Degree of Hydration of Blended Cement Pastes by a Scanning Electron Microscope Point-counting Procedure
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 34
, 2004
, pp. 1787
–1793
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.01443.
Jain
, J.
, Janusz
, A.
, Olek
, J.
, and Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
, “Effects of Salt Solutions on Microstructure and Physical Parameters of Pavement Concretes
,” Transportation Research Record
. Transportation Research Board
, Washington, D.C.
(in press).44.
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka
, D.
and Kowalska
, D.
, “Application of Thin Section Method to Evaluate the Frost Durability of Concretes With Fluidized Fly Ash
,” 6th “Concrete Days” Conference
, Wisła, Poland, Oct 11–13, 2010
, Federation of Producers of Cement
, Kracow, Poland
, pp. 719
–727
(in Polish).45.
Walker
, H. N.
, Ln
, D. S.
, and Stutz
, P. E.
, Petrographic Methods of Examining Hardened Concrete: A Petrographic Manual
, Federal Highway Administration
, Washington, D.C.
, 2006
.46.
Thomas
, M.
, Folliard
, K.
, Drimalas
, T.
, and Ramlochan
, T.
, “Diagnosing Delayed Ettringite Formation in Concrete Structures
,” Cem. Concr. Res.
, Vol. 38
, 2008
, pp. 841
–847
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.00347.
Thomas
, M. D. A.
, Matthews
, J. D.
, and Haynes
, C. A.
, “Carbonation of Fly Ash Concrete
,” Special Publication ACI
, Vol. 192
, 2000
, pp. 539
–556
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
