Finite element human body models (FEHBMs) are nowadays commonly used to simulate pre- and in-crash occupant response in order to develop advanced safety systems. In this study, a biofidelic model for adipose tissue is developed for this application. It is a nonlinear viscoelastic model based on the Reese et al.'s formulation. The model is formulated in a large strain framework and applied for finite element (FE) simulation of two types of experiments: rheological experiments and ramped-displacement experiments. The adipose tissue behavior in both experiments is represented well by this model. It indicates the capability of the model to be used in large deformation and wide range of strain rates for application in human body models.

References

1.
Hardy
,
W. N.
,
Howes
,
M. K.
,
Kemper
,
A. R.
, and
Rouhana
,
S. W.
,
2015
, “
Impact and Injury Response of the Abdomen
,”
Accidental Injury
,
Springer
,
New York
, pp.
373
434
.
2.
Jehle
,
D.
,
Gemme
,
S.
, and
Jehle
,
C.
,
2012
, “
Influence of Obesity on Mortality of Drivers in Severe Motor Vehicle Crashes
,”
Am. J. Emerg. Med.
,
30
(
1
), pp.
191
195
.
3.
Shi
,
X.
,
Cao
,
L.
,
Reed
,
M. P.
,
Rupp
,
J. D.
, and
Hu
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Effects of Obesity on Occupant Responses in Frontal Crashes: A Simulation Analysis Using Human Body Models
,”
Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng.
,
18
(
12
), pp.
1280
1292
.
4.
Desapriya
,
E.
,
Giulia
,
S.
,
Subzwari
,
S.
,
Peiris
,
D. C.
,
Turcotte
,
K.
,
Pike
,
I.
,
Sasges
,
D.
, and
Hewapathirane
,
D. S.
,
2014
, “
Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Injury or Mortality in Motor Vehicle Crashes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,”
Asia-Pac. J. Public Health
,
26
(
5
), pp.
447
460
.
5.
Rouhana
,
S. W.
,
2002
, “
Biomechanics of Abdominal Trauma
,”
Accidental Injury
,
Springer
,
New York
, pp.
405
453
.
6.
Iwamoto
,
M.
,
Kisanuki
,
Y.
,
Watanabe
,
I.
,
Furusu
,
K.
,
Miki
,
K.
, and
Hasegawa
,
J.
,
2002
, “
Development of a Finite Element Model of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) and Application to Injury Reconstruction
,”
International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference
(
IRCOBI
), Munich, Germany, Sept. 18–20, pp.
31
42
.http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc0111/2002/Session1/1.2.pdf
7.
Mendoza-Vazquez
,
M.
,
Davidsson
,
J.
, and
Brolin
,
K.
,
2015
, “
Construction and Evaluation of Thoracic Injury Risk Curves for a Finite Element Human Body Model in Frontal Car Crashes
,”
Accid. Anal. Prev.
,
85
, pp.
73
82
.
8.
Brolin
,
K.
,
Östh
,
J.
,
Svensson
,
M.
,
Sato
,
F.
,
Ono
,
K.
,
Linder
,
A.
, and
Kullgren
,
A.
,
2015
, “
Aiming for an Average Female Virtual Human Body Model for Seat Performance Assessment in Rear-End Impacts
,”
The 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Gothenburg
, Sweden, June 8–11, Paper No.
15-0247
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/220923-aiming-for-an-average-female-virtual-human-body-model-for-seat-performance-assessment-in-rear-end-im.
9.
Tiwari, G., and Mohan, D.,
2016
,
Transport Planning and Traffic Safety Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer
, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 362.
10.
Nusholtz
,
G. S.
,
Kaiker
,
P. S.
,
Huelke
,
D. F.
, and
Suggitt
,
B. R.
,
1985
, “
Thoraco-Abdominal Response to Steering Wheel Impacts
,”
SAE
Paper No. 851737.
11.
Cavanaugh
,
J. M.
,
Nyquist
,
G. W.
,
Goldberg
,
S. J.
, and
King
,
A. I.
,
1986
, “
Lower Abdominal Tolerance and Response
,”
SAE
Paper No. 861878.
12.
Miller
,
M. A.
,
1989
, “
The Biomechanical Response of the Lower Abdomen to Belt Restraint Loading
,”
J. Trauma Acute Care Surg.
,
29
(
11
), pp.
1571
1584
.
13.
Foster
,
C. D.
,
Hardy
,
W. N.
,
Yang
,
K. H.
,
King
,
A. I.
, and
Hashimoto
,
S.
,
2006
, “
High-Speed Seatbelt Pretensioner Loading of the Abdomen
,”
Stapp Car Crash J.
,
50
, pp. 27–51.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311158
14.
Hardy
,
W. N.
,
Schneider
,
L. W.
, and
Rouhana
,
S. W.
,
2001
, “
Abdominal Impact Response to Rigid-Bar, Seatbelt, and Airbag Loading
,”
Stapp Car Crash J.
,
45
, pp.
1
32
.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458738
15.
Viano
,
D. C.
,
1989
, “
Biomechanical Responses and Injuries in Blunt Lateral Impact
,”
SAE
Paper No. 892432.
16.
Ruan
,
J. S.
,
El-Jawahri
,
R.
,
Barbat
,
S.
, and
Prasad
,
P.
,
2005
, “
Biomechanical Analysis of Human Abdominal Impact Responses and Injuries Through Finite Element Simulations of a Full Human Body Model
,”
Stapp Car Crash J.
,
49
, pp. 343–366.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096281
17.
Geerligs
,
M.
,
Peters
,
G. W.
,
Ackermans
,
P. A.
,
Oomens
,
C. W.
, and
Baaijens
,
F.
,
2008
, “
Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
,”
Biorheology
,
45
(
6
), pp.
677
688
.
18.
Geerligs
,
M.
,
Peters
,
G. W.
,
Ackermans
,
P. A.
,
Oomens
,
C. W.
, and
Baaijens
,
F. P.
,
2010
, “
Does Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Behave as an (Anti-)Thixotropic Material?
,”
J. Biomech.
,
43
(
6
), pp.
1153
1159
.
19.
Comley
,
K.
, and
Fleck
,
N.
,
2012
, “
The Compressive Response of Porcine Adipose Tissue From Low to High Strain Rate
,”
Int. J. Impact Eng.
,
46
, pp.
1
10
.
20.
Gefen
,
A.
, and
Haberman
,
E.
,
2007
, “
Viscoelastic Properties of Ovine Adipose Tissue Covering the Gluteus Muscles
,”
ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
129
(
6
), pp.
924
930
.
21.
Sommer
,
G.
,
Eder
,
M.
,
Kovacs
,
L.
,
Pathak
,
H.
,
Bonitz
,
L.
,
Mueller
,
C.
,
Regitnig
,
P.
, and
Holzapfel
,
G. A.
,
2013
, “
Multiaxial Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Modeling of Human Adipose Tissue: A Basis for Preoperative Simulations in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
,”
Acta Biomater.
,
9
(
11
), pp.
9036
9048
.
22.
Comley
,
K.
, and
Fleck
,
N. A.
,
2010
, “
A Micromechanical Model for the Young's Modulus of Adipose Tissue
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
,
47
(
21
), pp.
2982
2990
.
23.
Bilston
,
L. E.
,
Liu
,
Z.
, and
Phan-Thien
,
N.
,
2001
, “
Large Strain Behaviour of Brain Tissue in Shear: Some Experimental Data and Differential Constitutive Model
,”
Biorheology
,
38
(
4
), pp.
335
345
.https://content.iospress.com/articles/biorheology/bir113
24.
El Sayed
,
T.
,
Mota
,
A.
,
Fraternali
,
F.
, and
Ortiz
,
M.
,
2008
, “
Biomechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury
,”
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
,
197
(
51
), pp.
4692
4701
.
25.
Hrapko
,
M.
,
Van Dommelen
,
J.
,
Peters
,
G.
, and
Wismans
,
J.
,
2006
, “
The Mechanical Behaviour of Brain Tissue: Large Strain Response and Constitutive Modelling
,”
Biorheology
,
43
(
5
), pp.
623
636
.https://content.iospress.com/articles/biorheology/bir436
26.
Brands
,
D.
,
Peters
,
G.
, and
Bovendeerd
,
P.
,
2004
, “
Design and Numerical Implementation of a 3-D Non-Linear Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Brain Tissue During Impact
,”
J. Biomech.
,
37
(
1
), pp.
127
134
.
27.
Brands
,
D. W.
,
Bovendeerd
,
P. H.
, and
Wismans
,
J.
,
2002
, “
On the Potential Importance of Non-Linear Viscoelastic Material Modelling for Numerical Prediction of Brain Tissue Response: Test and Application
,”
Stapp Car Crash J.
,
46
, pp. 103–121.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096221
28.
Hrapko
,
M.
,
Van Dommelen
,
J.
,
Peters
,
G.
, and
Wismans
,
J.
,
2009
, “
On the Consequences of Non Linear Constitutive Modelling of Brain Tissue for Injury Prediction With Numerical Head Models
,”
Int. J. Crashworthiness
,
14
(
3
), pp.
245
257
.
29.
Darvish
,
K.
, and
Crandall
,
J.
,
2001
, “
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Effects in Oscillatory Shear Deformation of Brain Tissue
,”
Med. Eng. Phys.
,
23
(
9
), pp.
633
645
.
30.
Davidsson
,
J.
, and
Risling
,
M.
,
2015
, “
Characterization of the Pressure Distribution in Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injuries
,”
Front. Neurol.
,
6
(51), pp.
1
12
.
31.
Mihai
,
L. A.
,
Chin
,
L.
,
Janmey
,
P. A.
, and
Goriely
,
A.
,
2015
, “
A Comparison of Hyperelastic Constitutive Models Applicable to Brain and Fat Tissues
,”
J. R. Soc., Interface
,
12
(
110
), p.
20150486
.
32.
Franceschini
,
G.
,
Bigoni
,
D.
,
Regitnig
,
P.
, and
Holzapfel
,
G. A.
,
2006
, “
Brain Tissue Deforms Similarly to Filled Elastomers and Follows Consolidation Theory
,”
J. Mech. Phys. Solids
,
54
(
12
), pp.
2592
2620
.
33.
Bilston
,
L. E.
,
Liu
,
Z.
, and
Phan-Thien
,
N.
,
1997
, “
Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Bovine Brain Tissue in Shear
,”
Biorheology
,
34
(
6
), pp.
377
385
.
34.
Nicolle
,
S.
,
Lounis
,
M.
,
Willinger
,
R.
, and
Palierne
,
J.-F.
,
2005
, “
Shear Linear Behavior of Brain Tissue Over a Large Frequency Range
,”
Biorheology
,
42
(
3
), pp.
209
223
.https://content.iospress.com/articles/biorheology/bir351
35.
Reese
,
S.
, and
Govindjee
,
S.
,
1998
, “
A Theory of Finite Viscoelasticity and Numerical Aspects
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
,
35
(
26–27
), pp.
3455
3482
.
36.
Bonet
,
J.
, and
Wood
,
R. D.
,
1997
,
Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis
,
Cambridge University Press
,
New York
.
37.
Bathe
,
K.-J.
,
2006
,
Finite Element Procedures
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
38.
Bathe
,
K.-J.
,
Ramm
,
E.
, and
Wilson
,
E. L.
,
1975
, “
Finite Element Formulations for Large Deformation Dynamic Analysis
,”
Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng.
,
9
(
2
), pp.
353
386
.
39.
Bathe
,
K.-J.
, and
Baig
,
M. M. I.
,
2005
, “
On a Composite Implicit Time Integration Procedure for Nonlinear Dynamics
,”
Comput. Struct.
,
83
(
31
), pp.
2513
2524
.
40.
Bathe
,
K.-J.
, and
Noh
,
G.
,
2012
, “
Insight Into an Implicit Time Integration Scheme for Structural Dynamics
,”
Comput. Struct.
,
98–99
, pp.
1
6
.
41.
Tanner
,
R. I.
,
2000
,
Engineering Rheology
, Vol.
52
,
Oxford University Press
,
Oxford, UK
.
42.
Naseri
,
H.
,
Johansson
,
H.
, and
Brolin
,
K.
,
2016
, “
Modeling the Mechanical Behavior of Adipose Tissue
,”
29th Nordic Seminar on Computational Mechanics
(
NSCM-29
), Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct. 26–28, p.
4
.http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/247689/local_247689.pdf
43.
Pipkin
,
A. C.
,
2012
,
Lectures on Viscoelasticity Theory
, Vol.
7
,
Springer Science & Business Media
,
New York
.
You do not currently have access to this content.