To assess how posture affects the transmission of mechanical energy up the spinal column during vibration, 18 porcine functional spinal units (FSUs) were exposed to a sinusoidal force (1500 ± 1200 N) at 5 Hz for 120 min in either a flexed, extended, or neutral posture. Force and FSU height were measured continuously throughout the collection. From these data, specimen height loss, dynamic stiffness, hysteresis, and parameters from a standard linear solid (SLS) model were determined and analyzed for differences between postures. Posture had an influence on all of these parameters. In extension, the FSU had higher dynamic stiffness values than when neutral or flexed (p < 0.0001). In flexion, the FSU had higher hysteresis than both an extended or neutral posture (p < 0.0001). Height loss was greatest in a flexed posture and smallest in an extended posture (p < 0.0001). In extension, the series spring element in the SLS model had a stiffness value higher than both flexed and neutral posture conditions, whereas the stiffness in the parallel spring was the same between extension and neutral (p < 0.01), both higher than in flexion. Viscosity coefficients were highest in extension compared to both flexed and neutral (p < 0.01). Based on these results, it was determined that posture had a significant influence in determining the mechanical properties of the spine when exposed to cyclic compressive loading.
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August 2016
Research-Article
The Impact of Posture on the Mechanical Properties of a Functional Spinal Unit During Cyclic Compressive Loading
Jeff M. Barrett,
Jeff M. Barrett
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jeffery.barrett@uwaterloo.ca
University of Waterloo,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jeffery.barrett@uwaterloo.ca
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Chad E. Gooyers,
Chad E. Gooyers
Giffin Koerth Forensic Engineering and Science,
40 University Avenue,
Toronto, ON M5J 1T1, Canada
e-mail: cgooyers@giffinkoerth.com
40 University Avenue,
Toronto, ON M5J 1T1, Canada
e-mail: cgooyers@giffinkoerth.com
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Thomas Karakolis,
Thomas Karakolis
Defence Research and Development Canada,
1133 Sheppard Avenue West,
Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada
e-mail: thomas.karakolis@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
1133 Sheppard Avenue West,
Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada
e-mail: thomas.karakolis@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
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Jack P. Callaghan
Jack P. Callaghan
Mem. ASME,
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
Burt Matthews Hall, Room 3122,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jack.callaghan@uwaterloo.ca
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
Burt Matthews Hall, Room 3122,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jack.callaghan@uwaterloo.ca
Search for other works by this author on:
Jeff M. Barrett
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jeffery.barrett@uwaterloo.ca
University of Waterloo,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jeffery.barrett@uwaterloo.ca
Chad E. Gooyers
Giffin Koerth Forensic Engineering and Science,
40 University Avenue,
Toronto, ON M5J 1T1, Canada
e-mail: cgooyers@giffinkoerth.com
40 University Avenue,
Toronto, ON M5J 1T1, Canada
e-mail: cgooyers@giffinkoerth.com
Thomas Karakolis
Defence Research and Development Canada,
1133 Sheppard Avenue West,
Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada
e-mail: thomas.karakolis@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
1133 Sheppard Avenue West,
Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada
e-mail: thomas.karakolis@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
Jack P. Callaghan
Mem. ASME,
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
Burt Matthews Hall, Room 3122,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jack.callaghan@uwaterloo.ca
Department of Kinesiology,
University of Waterloo,
Burt Matthews Hall, Room 3122,
200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada
e-mail: jack.callaghan@uwaterloo.ca
1Corresponding author.
Manuscript received October 15, 2015; final manuscript received June 10, 2016; published online July 8, 2016. Assoc. Editor: Brian D. Stemper.
J Biomech Eng. Aug 2016, 138(8): 081007 (7 pages)
Published Online: July 8, 2016
Article history
Received:
October 15, 2015
Revised:
June 10, 2016
Citation
Barrett, J. M., Gooyers, C. E., Karakolis, T., and Callaghan, J. P. (July 8, 2016). "The Impact of Posture on the Mechanical Properties of a Functional Spinal Unit During Cyclic Compressive Loading." ASME. J Biomech Eng. August 2016; 138(8): 081007. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033916
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