... index EPA regulations ethanol ethanol blends ether fuel gasoline gasoline additives gasoline-ethanol blend gasoline specifications lead leaded gasoline manganese methanol MTBE octane number octane requirement oxidation stability oxygenate phase separation phosphorous sulfur TV/L...

... mixes to make the basic petrochemicals ethylene, butylene, and butadiene. Related products, sulfur and helium, are briefly described. The significance of test methods and relevant standard practices are described, and all current test methods are listed for the various classes of products...

... to petroleum lubricants to enhance their performance in engines. trace elements mercury sulfur petroleum products additives 2 Importance of Elemental Analysis of Fossil Fuels THE REASON FOR THE INTEREST IN ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF petroleum products is twofold. First, many metals and nonmetals...

... chromatography, and other specific techniques. Precision and accuracy of these techniques are compared. fossil fuels coal oil shale crude oil petroleum products atomic absorption spectrometry inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence spectrometry mercury sulfur...

... Elemental analysis of coal, coke, fly ash, and related products is discussed in detail with examples of multi-element multi-technique analysis of these products. elemental analysis coal coke fly ash mercury sulfur radioactivity 5 Elemental Analysis of Coal, Coke, and Fly Ash COAL...

... Elemental analysis of crude oil is described using various instrumental techniques. Determination of sulfur and mercury is emphasized given their environmental impact. Examples are given of applications of various techniques for this work. crude oil elemental analysis mercury sulfur...

... Techniques used for the analysis of gasoline and diesel are described. Alternate methods of analyses are discussed and compared. Sulfur is one of the most regulated element in these products. Data on proficiency testing of these products are described. gasoline diesel elemental analysis...

... are widely used analytical techniques. These are discussed with examples of analysis of lubricants. additives lubricants trace elements sulfur elemental analysis 9 Elemental Analysis of Lubricants and Additives A MAJOR PORTION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IS INVOLVED IN THE manufacturing of lubricants...

... Elements present in gaseous fuels are mostly organic molecules. Little of inorganic matter is present in them other than gaseous sulfur species. A number of methods have been developed for such sulfur compounds in gaseous fuels. sulfur mercaptans hydrogen sulfide gaseous fuels natural...

... Biofuels used as alternative fuels—ethanol-fuel and biodiesel—sometimes offer a challenge in elemental analysis using test methods primarily developed for petroleum products. Modifications have to be undertaken to apply the methods of petroleum analysis to those of biofuels. Sulfur and sulfur...

... This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in several refinery processes, including fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrotreatment of catalytically cracked gasoline to produce low-sulfur gasoline while preserving most of the olefins, isomerization of saturated n-olefins to avoid...

... This paper describes the function and use of X-ray Transmission (XRT) analytical instrumentation as applied to the classification and blending of crude oil that contains 0.1–3.3 % sulfur by weight. In the XRT method, sulfur absorbs X-rays transmitted between an X-ray source and detector...

... A monochromatic wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (MWDXRF) technique has been successfully developed for measuring low-level sulfur in fuel. In this technique, two doubly curved crystal (DCC) optics were used to provide monochromatic excitation and fixed channel wavelength dispersive...

... Polarized X-Ray EDXRF has been used for the analysis of low levels of a broad range of elements in light matrices for a long time. By using the polarization of the excitation radiation, the background scattered by the sample is drastically reduced. For the analysis of low sulfur in automotive...

... A novel measurement technique has been developed for the rapid determination of low levels of sulfur in hydrocarbon matrices. The technique employs low thermal mass gas chromatography (LTMGC) and a dual plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector (DP-SCD). Highly sensitive total volatile sulfur...

... The selective detection of organo-compounds containing hetero-atoms is used extensively in the petroleum industry for process control (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and additives in fuels (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, etc.). The most common selective atom detection is performed with atomic...

... The effect of the addition of some ten ppm sulfur to α-zirconium and Zr-l%Nb-0.13%O alloy is investigated. A strong hardening effect is demonstrated. The hardening effect appears at about 100°C and is maximal around 400°C. Based on creep and constant strain-rate tests, and scanning electron...

...) and Mossbauer experiments. It was found that the simulated seaside corrosion resistance of steel could be increased through Ca and S additions. Sulfur induced the rapid formation of the stable rust film and Ca was found to increase highly the corrosion resistance in the later stage. Especially, the rust layer...

... release into solution of minor impurity elements not usually thought to participate in IASCC. MnS-type precipitates, which contain most of the sulfur in stainless steels, are thought to be unstable under irradiation. First, Mn transmutes strongly to Fe in thermalized neutron spectra. Second, cascade...

... vapor pressure distillation vapor-liquid ratio antiknock index lead corrosion sulfur stability water tolerance EPA regulations state regulations compression-ignition engine fuel diesel fuel cetane number viscosity flash point ash Lewis M. Gibbs1 THE IMPACT OF STATE AIR QUALITY...