... Ratcheting behavior or cyclic mean stress relaxation can have a significant effect on multiaxial fatigue lives when compared to proportional loads of similar range. The most important feature for ratcheting simulation in cyclic plasticity constitutive models is the nonlinear kinematic (NLK...

... is offered in the form of rotation and distortion accompanying a translating yield surface. It is shown how a rigid translation can admit reversed softening and ratchet strain. The particulate arrangement offers greater resistance to tensile plasticity so that strain ratcheting occurs predominantly under...