... how buildings and infrastructure systems should perform in order to meet those priorities. When the anticipated performance of these systems for hazards is determined, gaps between desired performance and anticipated performance present opportunities to improve resilience. The National Institute...

.... The sites are accessible locations with much of the infrastructure, albeit deteriorated, in place. Thus they also represent an opportunity to slow down suburban and rural sprawl. As a liability, the concern stems from the environment liability of both known and unknown site contamination. Influence diagrams...

... by chlorides and the deposition of reducible hydrogen ions by acid precipitation provides a synergistic effect on corrosion of infrastructure metals. Results of laboratory and field tests show that steel is much more susceptible to corrosion in this type of environment. Acid deposition road salts...

... are dependable and relatively complete, suggests a national cost of $200 million to $500 million per year. Inclusion of cost items based heavily on committee judgment suggests a national cost of about $400 million to $900 million per year. infrastructure highway deicing road salt winter maintenance...

... Infrastructures such as bridges, highways, pipelines and harbor piers sometimes suffer from corrosion damage during their service life. To diagnose deterioration of infrastructures and secure effective maintenance, in-situ corrosion monitoring methods based on electrochemical impedance...

... the magnitude of the problem include: (1) deterioration of the infrastructure; (2) effects on transportation; (3) underground corrosion; (4) reliability of electrical and electronics equipment; and (5) concern over the fate of outdoor artistic and historic works. Corrosion testing and evaluation play...

... Cooperation and Development (OECD) technique can be overstated by a factor of two. service life life-cycle costs acid deposition materials effects damage function critical damage level cost-benefit analysis acid rain infrastructure benefit factor Richard A. Livingston 1 Service Life...