..., distillates, and heavier boiling streams. A number of applications using current ASTM test methods are included. chromatography gas chromatography (GC) liquid chromatography (LC) supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) selective detection hydrocarbons gases gasolines spark ignition fuels...

..., and grain-size equivalents among carbonate-rich and siliceous rocks. When hydrocarbons migrate out of the source rock to porous rock capped by an impermeable stratum, they form conventional oil and gas reservoirs. Oil and natural gas extracted directly from these petroleum source rocks and from nearby...

... The energy industry played an important role in shaping the 20th century and remains a major force driving economic development well into the 21st century. Hydrocarbons are an important commodity rather than being a luxury in our lives. Recently published data indicate that roughly 55–60...

... and deployment of alternative jet fuels to facilitate the introduction of renewable fuels with reduced carbon footprints. This chapter describes how ASTM International standards are used to guide the testing, evaluation, review, and ultimate approval of synthesized hydrocarbons from non-petroleum sources for use...

... by various hydrocarbons but mainly by hexadecane. The standard striker pin as per ASTM D 5212 and also a modified striker pin were used. The influence of HC contaminants (type and quantity) on the Al foils, but also of impurities in the LOX (N 2 O, Ar, N 2 ), was investigated. The results of these tests can...

... for the quantification of complex mixtures of VOCs. The study compared results from an external standard calibration with several primary components, an internal standard calibration with deuterated ethylbenzene (EB-d10), and an external total hydrocarbon calibration. The EB-d10 internal standard calibration resulted...

... Test methods under the auspices of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements are being developed for determining the oxidative induction time (OIT) of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pressure DSC. This test method,ASTM E1858, is applicable to hydrocarbons...

... for contaminated soil. The test measures microbial activity by collecting oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution data. Pollutant removal is assessed by destructive sampling of the soil. We report the use of this test on hydrocarbon-contaminated silty sandy soil from an Air Force Station in central Alaska...

... the study of this spill. Some lessons learned from this research included: • The need for accurate identification of the spilled oil-derived hydrocarbons in all samples, • The extensive movement of the oil down the Alaskan coast, with its unique fate characteristics, • The strong chemical basis required...

... The American Petroleum Institute (API) funded efforts to develop three methods for measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. The methods have undergone extensive single laboratory validation studies. This work has been presented. In June of 1992, API sponsored an interlaboratory study to collect...

... A series of medium-scale smoke experiments were conducted at the University of California, Berkeley. Representative fuels, such as wood, asphalt roofing shingles, and liquid hydrocarbons, were burned as medium-scale fuel packages in the open, with no restriction on the ventilation. For some...

... aromatic hydrocarbons. Examination of surficial and sub-surface sediments demonstrate that extensive areal distribution of the produced water hydrocarbons has occurred through time. Embryonic stage genotoxicity bioassays of the produced waters indicate that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons being...

... such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), toluene, and hydrocarbons. The studies also showed the flux data are useful for inferring the extent and direction of contamination where limited hydrological data are available. soil contamination ground-water contamination vadose zone static trapping...

... A series of static and flow-through toxicity tests was conducted to determine the toxicity of drilling mud that contained three classes of hydrocarbon additives-low-sulfur diesel fuel, high-sulfur diesel fuel, or a commercial mineral oil additive-to four species of marine invertebrates...

.... Karnofsky specifically for this laboratory. Paraho shale oil gas chromatography/mass spectrometry hydrocarbons E. J. Gallegos^ Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Paraho Shale Oil <260°C (500°F) REFERENCE: Gallegos, E. J., "Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Paraho...

... Compounds significant to the petroleum chemist concerned with petroleum exploration are those hydrocarbons possessing biological marker characteristics, that is, possessing intact steroid, terpenoid, and isoprenoid skeletons. These hydrocarbons are so closely related to the compounds occurring...

... concentrations in field and laboratory water samples were determined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dominant aromatic hydrocarbons were ethyl and methyl benzenes, ethyl and methyl napthalenes, indenes, biphenyls, and phenanthrenes. The dominant n -alkanes fell in the C7...

... The photo-excitation steps in 3-hydroxyflavone leading to proton-transfer are described. The consequence of the ultra-rapid (<8 ps) phototautomerization is the emission of a unique yellow-green tautomer fluorescence (λ max 525 nm) in hydrocarbon solution, instead of the violet fluorescence...

... of the natural system not simulated in the TPAM. Specifically, reduced light intensity during the BA experiment led to some predictably different results than reported for environments in natural systems. microcosm microecosystem freshwater lake pollution hydrocarbons environmental effects fate...

... most of the hydrocarbons more volatile than n -C 17 compared with dispersed oil in water sampled at the same time near the surface. Petroleum retention by intertidal sediments and bivalves measured one week postspill was less in areas exposed to dispersed oil than in areas exposed to untreated oil...