... Communities are complex socio-technical systems. To understand how communities can better respond to and recover from stressors and shocks such as natural, technical, or human-caused hazards, it is important to understand the social and economic priorities of the community and then to determine...

... General ecological principles have been used to hypothesize community stress responses. A review of responses of microcosms, mesocosms, and ecosystems to chemical stressors indicated that changes in taxonomic and standing crop measures of community structure were usually reliable and sensitive...

... This paper describes a method for determining safe levels of chemical exposure in shallow-water communities, using laboratory microcosms as test subjects. The safe level is considered to be the maximum exposure that causes no persistent, ecologically significant changes in the ecosystem. Shallow...

... Simple laboratory aquatic ecosystem models composed of naturally coadapted communities of phytoplankton, bacteria, zooplankton, and small benthic invertebrates were developed and evaluated for their effectiveness and consistency in screening the ecological impacts of pesticides on community...

... appropriate for community toxicity testing. As an example, the benthic macroinvertebrate community and a guild of three coexisting species of the caddisfly larva, Hydropsyche , were analyzed along a Swedish river, Kolbäcksån, with a history of heavy metal pollution. There was an increase in the relative...

... passage frequency and distance from the railroad's right-of-way centerline. Peak A-level observations made with a hand-held sound level meter are compared with a 24-h community noise meter's peak and L eq observations. A continuous 24-h strip chart technique was developed to validate digital data...