..., including highways, tunnels, and bridges, have long service lives. corrosion steel bridge culvert reinforcement concrete coatings chloride tunnel 345 Chapter 22 | Highways, Tunnels, and Bridges Stephen R. Sharp1 and Jason T. Provines1 Introduction To counter the effects and high maintenance...

... as an experimental watershed area. Typha latifolia, Atriplex patula , and Spergularia canadensis have been selected and assessed for their ability to survive and grow in salted waters by accumulating salt in their tissues. Germination (20 days) experiments, recovery experiments (20 days), and chloride...

... chloride time of wetness temperature Johan Tidblad 1, Vladimir Kucera1, Alexandre. A. Mikhailov2, and Dagmar Knotkova3 Improvement of the ISO classification system based on dose-response functions describing the corrosivity of outdoor atmospheres Reference: Tidblad, J., Kucera, V., Mikhailov...

... Previous research [ 1 ] showed high chloride concentrations (2% / cement) on the outside surface of reinforced concrete structures in the mist zone of marine environments. However, the chloride penetration reaches low depths for the concrete class used. Observed data have raised suspicions...

... for preventing chloride-induced ESCC in type 304 austenitic stainless steel. Potassium silicate was not as effective as sodium silicate. Fluoride, bromide, and iodide may cause ESCC but they were much less active than chloride and could be effectively inhibited by sodium silicate compound. The addition...

... conditions (indoors and outdoors), and one design concrete strength (water to cement ratio). Influence of temperature and chloride content on the measured corrosion rates are presented. Corrosion rates increase with increasing chloride content and corrosion rates vary significantly with annual changes...

.... Depassivation pH is measured on non-creviced (open) samples as a function of environmental factors such as temperature, chloride, and sulfate. The measured depassivation pH is then used as an input variable in the crevice corrosion model to calculate the initiation time. The use of crevice corrosion...

... prepared with and without the addition of sodium chloride to the mix. The analysis technique, which is an extension of electrochemical impedance, is rapid to use. Harmonic analysis also has the advantage over other electrochemical measurements in that it enables the corrosion rate to be determined...

... This paper reviews the use of test strips for measuring the composition of engine coolants. The tests described include test strips for freezepoint, cylinder lining cavitation corrosion protection, reserve alkalinity, pH, chloride, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Freezepoint strips work...

...., Darcy's law) method, a chloride mass balance technique, a stable-isotope method, bomb-pulse tritium method, and 36 Cl techniques. Each of these techniques yields an independent estimate of the recharge rate which may be used to define background percolation rates of conservative solutes, to approximate...

..., and electrochemical impedance measurements have been conducted while specimens were exposed to water containing chlorides over a period of about one year. Direct observations of corrosion and concrete characteristics were conducted at the end of the experiment. Corrosion tended to initiate at the evaporation zone...

... in concrete chloride potentials half-cells steels concrete J. P. Broomfield, 1 p. E. Langford, 2 and A. J. Ewins 2 The Use of a Potential Wheel to Survey Reinforced Concrete Structures REFERENCE: Broomfield, J P, Langford, P E , and Ewlns, A J, "The Use of a Potential Wheel to Survey Reinforced...

... sources. Examples are discussed including buildings, marine piers, foundations, and highway structures. corrosion concrete mortar masonry deicing salts marine environments chloride reinforcing steel cracks potential-pH (Pourbaix) diagrams passivity protective-scales steels B. Borgard...

... ASTM C 692 external stress corrosion cracking chloride Thomas E. Whitaker, 1Kenneth M. Whorlow, 1and Francis B. Hutto, Jr. 1 New Developments in Test Technology for ASTM C 692 (Preproduction Corrosion Test for Insulation To Be Used on Austenitic Stainless Steel) REFERENCE: Whitaker, T. E., Whorlow...

... Three chromium-containing steels, 3CR12, Alloy 825, and AISI 431, have been subjected to cyclic loading in air, distilled water, and low chloride containing waters. The 3CR12 steel showed significant fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) enhancement when subjected to the aqueous environments...

... The pitting behavior of steel in solid gels made from alkaline solutions containing chloride ions is shown to be markedly different from the behavior that occurs in the solutions themselves. After an induction period during which composition changes take place at the metalgel interface, pitting...

... intensity and the apparent retention of plane-strain conditions in relatively thin plate specimens. Use of the double torsion specimen to determine V-K curves for high-strength aluminum alloys in a chloride environment produced conventional two-stage growth, plateau velocities being slightly higher than...

... in rainwater are fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. This paper deals with all aspects of IC as it pertains to rainwater analysis and includes theory and instrumentation along with sample analysis. Details on the precision and accuracy...

... Air-cooled equipment has an impressive record of performance in industrial cooling applications, particularly in rural-dry environments. At temperatures below the dew point, however, combinations of moisture and contaminants (particularly chlorides and some sulfur compounds) promote severe...

... the integrated sampling system is deficient in this respect. Sodium, chloride, and sulfate concentrations determined with the different techniques were compared, and agreement was considered adequate for achieving program goals. sampling sample integration sodium chloride sulfate ion exchange...