... the performance of the alloys as well as to evaluate the microstructural changes during testing. Differences in the populations of stress raisers (primary carbides and nonmetallic inclusions) were also assessed and used to explain the variations in RCF fatigue lives. powder metallurgy VIM-VAR M50 steel...

... Carbides are an essential phase in high carbon alloy steels used for bearing applications. Carbides provide wear resistance, inhibit grain growth and are the reservoirs of alloys, which enable the steel to develop the desired properties during heat treatment. High carbide heterogeneity and large...

... microstructural changes, which are connected either with increases or with decreases in the volume of the materials. We are advancing an interpretation of the data which is not without contradictions. We believe that among the many microstructural changes only the formation of carbides, which is connected...

... transformation on the friction characteristics. carbides face-centered-cubic friction coefficient hexagonal-closed-packed neutron diffraction strain-induced transformation strength twins wear Rocco Varano, 1 Steve Yue, 1 J. Dennis Bobyn, 2 and John B. Medley 3 Co-Cr-Mo ALLOYS USED IN METAL-METAL...

... The present paper is a review of recent results on simulation of heat treatment response of bearing steels. Two aspects are considered namely firstly the evolution of the microstructure during heat treatment, especially the carbide structure and the corresponding distribution of alloying...

... as a Zener peak due to local stress-induced ordering. The P2 peak is certainly due to grain boundary sliding, more precisely to grain boundary dislocation motion. These dislocations interact with chromium carbide precipitates located in the grain boundary. The hysteresis is then interpreted as due...

... between copper and carbon plays an important role on the microstructural evolution under irradiation and the resultant hardening in Fe-C-Cu alloys. damage structures copper precipitates carbides Fe-0.3Cu alloy proton irradiation cross-sectional method modeling irradiation hardening Akihiko...

... the size and distribution of micro-inclusions (< 0.26 μm). Analytical TEM was used to characterize the carbides, coarse (0.1 to 2.0 μm) inclusions, and fine (2 to 50 run) precipitates. Thin foil and extraction techniques were used to characterize particle morphology while convergent beam diffraction...

... enhancement of mechanical properties by this surface modification. ferritic nitrocarburizing M-50 steel M-50 NiL steel compound layer diffusion layer residual stress compressive stress carbides three-ball-on-rod tester rolling contact tests lubricated sliding wear friction coefficient...

... to study the grain structure and to characterize the size and distribution of macroinclusions (>0.26 μm). These weld metals have a tempered bainitic structure with large amounts of manganese-rich inclusions. Analytical TEM was used to characterize the carbides, coarse (0.1 to 2.0 μm) inclusions...

... compared to low chromium steels. The Cr-W steels exhibited a similar precipitation behavior to carbides and intermetallic compound with conventional Cr-Mo steels while the Cr-V steels exhibited a quite different behavior. Creep rupture strength of 9Cr-2 steels increased but their toughness decreased...

... for the embrittlement of austenitic intergranular boundaries and (2) that no brittle intergranular fracture has been noticed, which distinguishes this superclean heat from the others. Besides, the following comments may be made on superclean heat: (1) the carbides that are visible under the optical microscope (0.5 to 1...

... of the compositional modifications resulted in increased susceptibility to sensitization as caused by welding or heat treating. The effect of residual boron on the carbide precipitation kinetics and intergranular corrosion resistance of mill and laboratory produced Type 304 stainless was also evaluated. The corrosion...

... Larger carbides inherent in high-alloy steels can initiate surface peeling failures and cause other raceway distress which affects bearing performance under thin lubrication film operating conditions. They can also contribute to the microstructural alteration in conventional subsurface rolling...

... Ion irradiation was observed to accelerate the kinetics of the carbide evolution in a “pure” Fe-2¼Cr-1Mo steel. The type and structure of the phases were unchanged by irradiation compared to thermal annealing. The transformation kinetics of Fe 3 C to M 7 C 3 and the independent nucleation of Mo...

...-graphite-silver; calcium fluoride-silver-glass-nickel-chrome; hard chrome; electroless nickel; silver; and some selected carbides, nitrides, borides, and oxides. Surface treatments considered are carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, boriding, induction hardening, flame hardening, and laser hardening...

... microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the fracture surfaces. These weld metals have a tempered bainitic structure with large amounts of manganese rich inclusions. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the carbides, coarse (0.1- to 2.0-μm) inclusions, and fine (2...

... are characterized in terms of J Ic and slopes of the J-R curves. The variations of these properties with the inclusion content and size, the proportion of second phases (carbides, δ ferrite, σ phase), and the position of the crack propagation plane with respect to the rolling direction are studied. Tension...

... inspection and were found to be confined to certain similar locations in separate castings. The shrinkage was detected by gamma radiography and was confined to the interior of one casting. The investigation of the hot tearing condition has led to a metallographic definition of carbide distributions...

... Specific anodic dissolution procedures are detailed for the quantitative separation of carbides, topologically close-packed (TCP) phases, and γ ′ from high temperature nickel-base superalloys. Reagents are suggested for the isolation of phases from mixed anodic deposits through selective...