Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination
ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Papers on Soils
By
Committee D-18
Committee D-18
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-6551-X
ISBN:
978-0-8031-6551-9
No. of Pages:
185
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1957

This paper reviews briefly the important techniques used for site selection and for explorations including the use of pedological, geological, and topographic maps—the role of aerial photographic interpretation techniques—and the importance of seismic, electrical resistivity, and ordinary drilling procedures in the collection of subsurface data. The paper contains a selected group of references for the guidance of those not entirely familiar with the details of these involved procedures including some limitations and ramifications of each. The outstanding contributions of ASTM through Committee D-18 on Soils for Engineering Purposes as well as the role of the Highway Research Board's Department of Soils, and some of the Committees of the American Association of State Highway Officials are indicated. In the production of plans for a new structure—an airport, a bridge, a building, a highway, a dam, a sanitary disposal plant—there should be no priority higher than that of explorations to develop information for selection of the best site available and to obtain data on the properties of the foundation materials for the proposed structure so that an adequate and efficient design can be made.

1.
Geologic Map of North America
,” (To accompany
Professional Paper 71
),
United States Geological Survey
, Washington, D. C. (
1911
).
2.
Geological Map of the Dominion of Canada
,”
Department of Mines and Resources
, Ontario, Canada (
1945
).
3.
Geological Map of the United States
,”
United States Geological Survey
, Washington, D. C. (
1932
).
4.
Leighton
M. M.
, “
The Peorian Loess and The Classification of The Glacial Drift Sheets of the Mississippi Valley
,”
The Journal of Geology
, Vol.
39
, pp. 45–53 (
1931
).
5.
Glacial Map of North America
,”
The Geological Society of America
, New York City, New York (
1945
).
6.
Geologic Map of Oklahoma
,”
United States Geological Survey with Oklahoma Geological Survey
, Norman, Oklahoma (
1942
).
7.
Geological Map of Missouri
,”
Missouri State Geological Survey
, Rolla, Missouri (
1939
).
8.
Geological Map of West Virginia
,”
West Virginia Geological Survey
, Morgantown, West Virginia (
1932
).
9.
Geological Map of Indiana
,”
Publication No. 112
,
Indiana Division of Geology
, Indianapolis, Indiana (
1932
).
10.
Fitzgerald
Gerald
, “
Topographic Mapping and the Highway Program,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes
,”
Bulletin No. 13
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 1–8 (
1948
).
11.
Leavitt
H. Walter
and
Perkins
Edward H.
, “
A Survey of Road Materials and Glacial Geology of Maine
,”
Bulletin No. 30
, Vol.
II
,
Maine Technology Experiment Station
,
Orono, Maine
(
1935
).
12.
Leverett
Frank
and
Gardeson
Frederick W.
, “
Quaternary Geology of Minnesota and Parts of Adjacent States
,”
Professional Paper No. 161
,
United States Geological Survey
,
Washington, D. C.
(
1932
).
13.
Leverett
Frank
and
Taylor
Frank B.
, “
The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan
,”
Monographs
,
United States Geological Survey
, Vol.
LIII
,
Washington, D. C.
(
1915
).
14.
Cushing
H. P.
,
Leverett
Frank
, And
Horn
Frank R. Van
, “
Geology and Mineral Resources of the Cleveland District, Ohio
,”
Bulletin No. 818
,
United States Geological Survey
,
Washington, D. C.
(
1931
).
15.
Kaye
Clifford A.
, “
Preparation of an Engineering Geologic Map of the Homestead Quadrangle, Montana
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 13
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 48–59 (
1948
).
16.
Russell
Richard Joel
, et al
, “
Physiography of the Lower Mississippi River Delta
,”
Geological Bulletin No. 8
,
Louisiana Geological Survey
,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
(
1936
).
17.
Fisk
H. N.
, “
Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River
,”
Mississippi River Commission, War Department, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army
(
1944
).
18.
Geologic Survey Mapping in the United States
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping and Classification of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 2–16 (
1953
).
19.
Eckel
E. B.
, “
Interpreting Geologic Maps for Engineers
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 115–135 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
20.
Chapman
L. J.
and
Putman
D. F.
, “
The Physiography of Southern Ontario
,”
Ontario Research Foundation, University of Toronto Press
(
1951
).
21.
Belcher
D. J.
,
Gregg
L. E.
, and
Woods
K. B.
, “
Distribution, Formation, and Engineering Characteristics of Soils
,”
Engineering Bulletin
, Research Series No. 87, Vol.
27
, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, January, 1943.
22.
Bennett
Earl F.
and
McAlpin
George W.
, “
An Engineering Grouping of New York State Soils: Geology of New York, Engineering Grouping of Soils, Production of Area Soil Maps, Use of Engineering Soil Maps
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 13
,
Highway Research Board, National Research Council
, pp. 55–63 (
1948
).
23.
Jenkins
D. S.
,
Belcher
D. J.
,
Gregg
L. E.
, and
Woods
K. B.
, “
The Origin, Distribution and Airphoto Identification of United States Soils
,”
Technical Development Report No. 52
,
Civil Aeronautics Administration
, May, 1946.
24.
Abdun-Nur
E. A.
and
Dowling
J. D.
, “
Engineering Implications of Geological Reconnaissance in the Plains Area—Missouri River Basin
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 16–27 (
1951
). (Issued as separate Publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
25.
Marshall
Harry E.
, “
Effect of Native Materials on Roadbuilding in Ohio
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin 65
, Publication 252,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 37–54 (
1952
).
26.
Young
,
James L.
 Jr.
, and
Gregg
L. E.
, “
Geologic Considerations in Relation to a Materials Survey
,” Committee on Material Surveys,
Bulletin No. 62
, Publication 247,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 74–84 (
1952
).
27.
Byrne
Frank E.
, “
Maps for Construction Materials
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 28
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 63–72 (
1950
).
28.
Mintzer
Olin W.
and
Frost
R. E.
, “
How to Use Airphotos and Maps for Material Surveys
,” Committee on Material Surveys,
Bulletin No. 62
, Publication 247,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 1–73 (
1952
).
29.
Janda
H. F.
, “
Longitudinal Cracking of Concrete Pavements on State Highway 12 in Clark and Taylor Counties, Wisconsin
,”
Proceedings, Highway Research Board
 0096-1027, Vol.
15
, pp. 157–169 (
1935
).
30.
Field Manual of Soil Engineering
,”
Michigan State Highway Dept.
, Lansing, Michigan, February, 1946.
31.
Marbut
C. F.
, “
Soils of the United States
,”
Atlas of American Agriculture
, Part III, Advance Sheets, No. 8,
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture
, July, 1935.
32.
Bushnell
T. M.
, “
The Story of Indiana Soils
,”
Special Circular 1, Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University
,
Lafayette, Indiana
, June, 1944.
33.
Soils of Iowa
,”
Special Report No. 3
,
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Agronomy Section, Soils Subsection
, November, 1936.
34.
Stolstad
Olaf F.
, “
Development and Application of Soil Engineering in Michigan
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping, and Classification of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 20–28 (
1953
).
35.
Howe
F. B.
, “
General Soil Map of New York
,”
Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station
, Ithaca, New York (
1933
).
36.
Status of County Agricultural Soil Mapping in The United States—Tabulation by States and Counties
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 22
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 3–107 (
1949
).
37.
Thornburn
T. H.
, “
Preparation of County Engineering Soil Maps for Illinois
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaisance,
Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, pp. 40–45 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122).
38.
Hicks
L. D.
, “
Use of Agricultural Soil Maps in Making Soil Surveys
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 22
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 108–116 (
1949
).
39.
Bodman
Goeffrey B.
, “
Significance of the Soil Survey Report in the Selection and Preliminary Assessment of Sites for Airplane Landing Strips
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 22
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 117–128 (
1949
).
40.
Hicks
L. D.
, “
Use of Soil Survey Data in Design of Highways
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping, and Classification of Soil,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 32–39 (
1953
).
41.
Greenman
R. L.
, “
The Engineer Looks at Pedology
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 46–56 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
42.
Soils Manual
,”
Missouri State Highway Comm., Bureau of Materials
, Jefferson City, Missouri (
1948
).
43.
Soils Manual
,”
Wyoming Highway Department, Soils Division
, Cheyenne, Wyoming (
1949
).
44.
State-Wide Highway Planning Survey Soil Study
,”
Bulletin No. 6
,
State of Nebraska, Department of Roads and Irrigation, Bureau of Roads and Bridges
, Lincoln, Nebraska (
1939
).
45.
Soil Conservation Service—U.S.D.A.
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping, and Classification of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 17–19 (
1953
).
46.
Belcher
D. J.
, “
The Development of Engineering Soils Maps
,” Proceedings, Twenty-ninth Annual Purdue Road School, Engineering Bulletin, Extension Series No. 55, Vol.
27
, No.
2
,
Purdue University
, Lafayette, Indiana, March, 1943, pp. 86–92.
47.
Frost
R. E.
, “
The Use of Aerial Maps in Soil Studies and in the Location of Borrow Pits
,”
Proceedings
,
Kansas Highway Engineering Conference
,
01
07
1946
, pp. 58–82.
48.
Hittle
J. E.
, “
Application of Aerial Strip Photography to Highway and Airport Engineering
,”
Proceedings
,
Highway Research Board
, Vol.
26
, pp. 226–235 (
1946
).
49.
Frost
R. E.
and
Woods
K. B.
, “
Aerial Photographs Used for an Engineering Evaluation of Soil Materials
,”
Proceedings
,
Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
,
Rotterdam, Holland
, Vol.
III
, pp. 324–330 (
1948
).
50.
Woods
K. B.
,
Hittle
Jean E.
, and
Frost
R. E.
, “
Correlation Between Permafrost and Soils as Indicated by Aerial Photographs
,”
Proceedings
,
Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
,
Rotterdam, Holland
, Vol.
III
, pp. 321–324 (
1948
).
51.
Stevens
John C.
, “
Piedmont Soils Identified by Aerial Photographs
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 46
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 48–66 (
1951
).
52.
Lueder
D. R.
, “
The Preparation of an Engineering Soil Map of New Jersey
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 73–81 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication ASTM STP No. 122.)
53.
Holman
William W.
and
Nikola
H. C.
, “
Airphoto Interpretation of Coastal Plain Areas
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping, and Classifications of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 40–54 (
1953
).
54.
Miles
R. D.
, “
Application of Aerial Photographs to Preliminary Engineering Soil Surveys
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 57–72 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
55.
Frost
R. E.
and
Mintzer
O. W.
, “
Influence of Topographic Position in Airphoto Identification of Permafrost
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 28
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 100–121 (
1950
).
56.
Johnson
A. Morgan
, “
Engineering Significance of Sand Areas Interpreted from Airphotos
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 46
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 28–47 (
1951
).
57.
Browning
,
William F.
 Jr.
, “
Mapping of Geologic Formations by The Application of Aerial Photography
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 46
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 67–86 (
1951
).
58.
Shepard
E. Raymond
, “
Subsurface Explorations by Geophysical Methods
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
49
, pp. 993–1009 (
1949
).
59.
Wantland
D.
, “
Geophysical Measurements of the Depth of Weathered Mantle Rock
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 115–135 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
60.
Panel Discussion on Geophysical Methods, Including Resistivity and Seismic Methods
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance,
Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, pp. 221–226 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
61.
Moore
R. Woodward
, “
Development of Geophysical Methods of Subsurface Exploration in the Field of Highway Construction
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 28
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 73–98 (
1950
).
62.
Moore
R. Woodward
, “
Geophysical Methods of Subsurface Exploration Applied to Material Surveys
,” Committee on Material Surveys,
Bulletin No. 62
, Publication 247,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 85–107 (
1953
).
63.
Currier
L. W.
,
Linehan
Daniel
, and
Delano
G. H.
, “
Application of Geology and Seismology to Highway Location and Design in Massachusetts
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 13
,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 66–90 (
1948
).
64.
Shepard
E. R.
, “
Subsurface Exploration of Earth-Resistivity and Seismic Methods
,”
Public Roads
,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads
, Vol.
16
, pp. 57–67 and 74 (
1935
).
65.
Johnson
A. M.
and
Wesley
R. H.
, “
Application of Seismic Methods to Foundation Exploration
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 142–150 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
66.
Bird
P. H.
, “
Experience with Geophysics in New York State
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 151–155 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
67.
Linehan
D.
, “
Seismology Applied to Shallow Zone Research
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 156–170 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
68.
Barnes
H. E.
, “
Soil Investigation Employing A New Method of Layer-Value Determination for Earth Resistivity Interpretation
,” Committee on Surveying and Classifying Soils in Place for Engineering Purposes,
Bulletin No. 65
, Publication 252,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 26–36 (
1952
).
69.
Roman
I.
, “
Resistivity Reconnaissance
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 171–220 (
1951
) (Issued as separate ASTM STP No. 122.)
70.
Abercrombie
W. F.
, “
The Practical Value of an Earth Resistivity Method in Making Subsurface Explorations
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 136–141 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication ASTM STP No. 122.)
71.
Scharon
H. LeRoy
, “
Electrical Resistivity Geophysical Method as Applied to Engineering Problems
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 104–114 (
1951
) (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
72.
Moore
R. W.
, “
Earth Resistivity Tests Applied to Subsurface Reconnaissance Surveys
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 89–103 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
73.
Maurseth
Ray O.
,
Mitchell
Stanley N.
, “
Experience with Electrical Resistivity Surveys on Foundation and Subsurface Investigations in Southern California
,” see p. 103, this publication.
74.
Hvorslev
M. Juul
, “
The Present Status of the Art of Obtaining Undisturbed Samples of Soils
,” Appendix to Proceedings, Purdue Conference on Soil Mechanics and Its Applications, Am. Soc. Civil Engrs. Committee on Sampling and Testing Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, September 2 to 6, 1940, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, July, 1940.
75.
Hvorslev
M. Juul
, “
Subsurface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes
,” Report on a Research Project of the Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.,
The Engineering Foundation, Harvard University
, The Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, November, 1949.
76.
Standard Method of Surveying and Sampling Soils for Highway Subgrades
, (D 420-50),
1955
Book of ASTM Standards, Part 3, p. 1745.
77.
Standard Methods of Surveying and Sampling Soils for Highway Purposes, (T86-54), 1955 Designation, AASHO, Highway Materials, Part 2 Tests
, pp. 235–248.
78.
Woods
K. B.
, “
Method for Making Highway Soil Surveys
,”
Transactions, Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.
 0066-0604, Vol.
118
, p. 946 (
1953
).
79.
Woods
K. B.
and
Litehiser
R. R.
, “
Soil Mechanics Applied to Highway Engineering in Ohio
,”
Engineering Bulletin No. 99
,
Ohio State University
, Vol.
7
, No. 2,
Columbus, Ohio
, July, 1938.
80.
Lacey
Delbert L.
, “
Application of Soil Survey Data to Highway Engineering in Kansas
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping and Classification of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 29–31 (
1953
).
81.
Olinger
D. J.
, “
Use of Soil Survey Data by The Small Highway Organization
,” Committee on Surveying, Mapping, and Classifications of Soils,
Bulletin No. 83
, Publication 293,
Highway Research Board
, pp. 58–70 (
1953
).
82.
McClelland
Bramlette
, “
Foundation Characteristics of Late Quaternary Clays Offshore Near Modern Mississippi Delta
,” presented at the Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, Nov., 1955.
83.
Nees
L. A.
and
Johnson
A. M.
, “
Preliminary Foundation Exploration on Arctic Regions
,” Symposium on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., pp. 28–39 (
1951
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 122.)
84.
Report of Committee on Classification of Materials for Subgrades and Granular Type Roads
,”
Proceedings
,
Highway Research Board
, Vol.
25
, pp. 375–392 (
1945
).
85.
Casagrande
Arthur
, “
Classification and Identification of Soils
,”
Transactions, Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.
 0066-0604, Vol.
113
, p. 901 (
1948
).
86.
The Unified Soil Classification System
,”
Technical Memorandum No. 3–357
, Vol.
1
,
Waterways Experiment Station
, Vicksburg, Mississippi (
1953
).
87.
Symposium on Identification and Classification of Soils, Am. Soc. Testing Mats. (
1950
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 113.)
88.
Rominger
J. F.
and
Rutledge
P. C.
, “
Use of Soil Mechanics Data in Correlation and Interpretation of Lake Agassiz Sediments
,”
The Journal of Geology
, Vol.
60
, No.
2
, pp. 160–180, March, 1952.
89.
Earthslides: Sweden—soaked clay with 40 houses slides into river
,”
Engineering News-Record
,
19
10
1950
, p. 33.
90.
Landslide tears up a town; dooms cathedral and palace; Nicolet, Quebec
,”
Engineering News-Record
,
01
12
1955
, p. 28.
91.
Fenske
Carl W.
, “
Deep Vane Tests in Gulf of Mexico
,” Symposium on In-Place Soil Shear Testing of Foundation Soil by the Vane Method, Am. Soc. Testing Mats. (
1956
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 193.)
92.
Hill
William A.
, “
Vane In-Place Soil Shear Measuring Device
,” Symposium on In-Place Shear Testing of Foundation Soil by the Vane Method, Am. Soc. Testing Mats. (
1956
). (Issued as separate publication, ASTM STP No. 193.)
93.
Gibbs
Harold J.
, “
An Apparatus and Method of Vane Shear Testing of Soils
,” Symposium on In-Place Shear Testing of Foundation Soil by the Vane Method, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., (
1956
). (Issued as separate publication ASTM STP No. 193.)
94.
Carlson
Lyman
, “
Determination in Situ of the Shear Strength of Undisturbed Clay by Means of a Rotating Auger
,”
Proceedings
,
Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
,
Rotterdam, Holland
, Vol.
I
, p. 265 (
1948
).
95.
Skempton
A. W.
, “
Vane Tests in the Alluvial Plain of the River Forth Near Grangemouth
,”
Geotechnique
, London, England, Vol.
1
, No.
2
, p. 111 (
1948
).
96.
Vey
E.
and
Schlesinger
L.
, “
Soil Shear Tests by Means of Rotating Vanes
,”
Proceedings
,
Highway Research Board
, Vol.
29
, p. 544 (
1949
).
97.
Bennett
G. Bryce
and
Mechan
James G.
,
Use of Vane Borer on Foundation Investigation of Fill
,”
Proceedings
,
Highway Research Board
, Vol.
32
, p. 486 (
1953
).
98.
Gray
Hamilton
, “
Field Vane Shear Tests of Sensitive Cohesive Soils
,”
Proceedings
,
Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.
, Paper No. 755, Vol.
81
(
1955
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this chapter.
Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal