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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Manual on Fatigue Testing
By
R. E. Peterson
R. E. Peterson
1
Manager
, Mechanics Div., Westinghouse Research Labs.,
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
,
East Pittsburgh, Pa.
;
Chairman
, A.S.T.M. Committee E-9 on Fatigue.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-6492-0
ISBN:
978-0-8031-6492-5
No. of Pages:
86
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1949

Fatigue testing machines (1) may be classified as to: 1. Type of load: constant load or constant displacement. 2. Type of stress: bending, torsion, etc. 3. Design characteristics; mechanical, hydraulic, magnetic, etc. 4. Operating characteristics: resonant or non-resonant. 1 The most general classification designates machines as being either of constant load or constant displacement types. Distinguishing characteristics of these two types are: Constant Load Type: (a) Applied load or amplitude of loading is constant throughout the test. (b) After the fatigue crack initiates its rate of propagation usually increases. Constant Displacement Type: (c) Applied deformation or amplitude of deformation is constant throughout the test. (d) Load on specimen is reduced after fatigue crack initiates and rate of propagation of crack is usually retarded. As a result of conditions existing in (b) and (d) above, the shape of the S-N curves may be different when obtained under constant loading as compared with constant displacement. Influence of type of loading can only be evaluated by introducing the time at which the fatigue crack initiates. An important consideration in any machine is the means used to measure and maintain the forces acting on the member under test. Constant loading machines of the mechanical type may use inertia forces, dead weights or a spring system having a low spring constant, which permits convenient evaluation of thel force on the specimen. In a displacement-type machine the deflection, shortening or lengthening of the specimen itself may be measured with wire-type strain gages, mirrors, or micrometer devices. Often a dynamometer is connected in series with the specimen to ascertain the force acting but careful consideration of inertia forces is required.

1.
Gough
H. J.
, “
The Fatigue of Metals
,”
Scott, Greenwood and Sons
, London (
1926
).
Moore
H. F.
and
Kommers
J. B.
, “
The Fatigue of Metals
,”
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
New York (
1927
)
Gough
H. J.
, lectures on fatigue of metals at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 19–July 16, 1937.
Schenck
C.
, “
Testing Machines
,” Army Air Forces, Translation Report F-TS-782-RE, January, 1947,
Air Matëriel Command, Wright Field
, Dayton, Ohio; Also see application of dynamic testing machines of various types as used for the investigation of parts for internal combustion engines, “
Visit to MAN Laboratory Augsburg
,” Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Item No. 18, File XXXin-II, May, 1945, London —
H. M. Stationery Office
, 13 pp., “
The Construction and Testing of Welded Structures in Germany with Particular Reference to Fatigue Testing
,” Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Item No. 31, British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee. Final Report 1486, London —
H. M. Stationery Office
, 35 pp.; Bulletins issued after World War II on Schenck Fatigue Testing Machines by Carl Schenck Waschinenfabrik, Darmstadt, Germany, U. S. Zone.
Schulz
E. H.
and
Buchholtz
H.
, “
Development of Fatigue Testing in Germany
,”
Zurich Congress
, Vol.
1
, pp. 278–303 (
1931
).
Oschatz
H.
, “
Testing Machines for Determining the Fatigue Strength
,”
Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
, Vol.
80
,
28
11
1936
, pp. 1433–1439; a very extensive bibliography is included.
Cazand
R.
and
Persoz
L.
, “
The Fatigue of Metals
,”
Dunod
, Paris (
1948
).
Johnstone
W. W.
, “
Methods of Investigating the Fatigue Properties of Materials
,” Symposium on the Failure of Metals by Fatigue,
University of Melbourne
,
Australia
,
Paper No. 11
, December, 1946.
Föppl
O.
,
Becker
E.
and
Heydekampf
G. V.
, “
Fatigue Testing of Materials
,”
Julius Springer
, Berlin (
1929
); 111 references given,
Moore
H. F.
and
Krouse
G. N.
, “
Repeated-Stress (Fatigue) Testing Machines Used in the Materials Testing Laboratory of the University of Illinois
,”
Cicrular No. 23
,
Engineering Experimental Station, University of Illinois
(
1934
).
Dolan
T. J.
, “
An Investigation of the Behavior of Materials Under Repeated Stress
,” Report of Engineering Experimental Station,
University of Illinois, Office of Naval Research
, Contract N6 on-71, Task Order 4, December, 1946.
Lubin
G.
and
Winans
R. R.
, “
Preliminary Studies on a Drop Ball Impact Machine
,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 128, May, 1944, p. 13.
2.
Lazan
B. J.
,
Modern Plastics
, November, 1942, p. 83;
Field
P. M.
,
Modern Plastics
, August, 1943, p. 91;
Findley
W. N.
and
Hintz
O. E.
, “
Repeated Blow in Impact Tests and Fatigue Tests
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
43
, p. 1226, (
1943
);
Lubin
G.
and
Winans
R. R.
, “
Preliminary Studies on a Drop Ball Impact Machine
,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 128, May, 1944, p. 13;
and to a less extent for steel as presented by
Brick
R. M.
and
Phillips
A.
,
Transactions, Am. Soc. Metals
 0096-7416, Vol.
29
, pp. 435–169 (
1941
);
Lessells
J. M.
,
Discussion of Paper on Fatigue Studies of Non-Ferrous Sheet Metals
,
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
29
, Part II, p. 365 (
1929
);
Erlinger
E.
found the modulus of elasticity for steel to change above about 5000 load cycles per min. when measured dynamically as compared to statically—see his dissertation “
Investigations Concerning the Possible Use of Statically Calibrated Measuring Springs for Dynamic Force Measurement
, ”
Technische Hochschule
, Graz (
1935
);
Erlinger
E.
, “
Accuracy of Dynamic Testing Machines
, ”
Die Messtechnik
, Vol.
12
, p. 109 (
1936
);
also see paper and bibliography by
Thurston
R. C. A.
, “
Dynamic Calibration Method Uses Modified Proving Ring
,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 154, October, 1948, pp. 50–52 (TP208).
3.
Oberg
T. T.
and
Johnson
J. B.
, “
Fatigue Properties of Metals Used in Aircraft Construction at 3450 and 10,600 Cycles
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
37
, Part II, p. 195 (
1937
);
Oberg
T. T.
and
Johnson
J. B.
, also
Bulletin 204
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
,
Philadelphia, Pa
.
4.
Sondericker
J.
,
Technical Quarterly
, April, 1892;also see references la and lb.
5.
Short specimen first proposed by
Ono
A.
, Memoirs of the College of Engineering,
Kyushu Imperial University
, Vol.
2
, No.
2
(
1921
).
6.
Bulletin 205
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Lehr
E.
and
Mailänder
R.
,
Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
, Vol.
79
, p. 1005 (
1935
).
7.
A. Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
11
(
1871
);
Bauwesen
Z.
,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
8
, p. 646 (
1858
);
Bauwesen
Z.
,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
10
, p. 583 (
1860
);
Bauwesen
Z.
,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
13
, p. 233 (
1863
);
Bauwesen
Z.
,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
16
, p. 67 (
1866
);
Bauwesen
Z.
,
Engineering, London
 0013-7782, Vol.
20
, p. 73 (
1870
);
Also see
Ude
H.
, “
History of Railroad Materials
,”
Technikgeschichte, Berlin
, Vol.
24
, p. 38 (
1935
).
8.
Peterson
R. E.
, “
Fatigue Tests of Small Specimens with Particular Reference to Size Effect
,”
Transactions, Am. Soc. Steel Treaters
, Vol.
18
, pp. 1041–1056 (
1930
).
9.
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
39
, pp. 723–740 (
1939
);
Transactions, Am. Soc. Mechanical Engrs.
 0097-6822, Vol.
60
, pp. 335–345 (
1938
);
Journal of Applied Mechanics, Am. Soc. Mechanical Engrs.
 0021-8936, Vol.
67
, September, 1945, pp. 149–155.
10.
McAdams
,
D. J.
 Jr.
,
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
,
14
12
1921
, p. 1081.
11.
Bulletin 46A
,
Krouse Testing Machine Co.
, Columbus, Ohio.
12.
Shelton
S. M.
,
Proceedings, Am Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
31
, Part II, pp. 204–220 (
1931
);
Shelton
S. M.
,
Proceedings, Am Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
33
, Part H, pp. 348–360 (
1933
);
Shelton
S. M.
,
Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards
 0160-1741, Vol.
14
, pp. 17–32 (
1935
).
13.
Gill
E. T.
and
Goodacre
R.
, “
Some Aspects of the Fatigue Properties of Patented Steel Wire
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Inst.
 0021-1567,Vol.
130
, No.
2
, pp. 293–323 (
1934
).
14.
Kenyon
J. N.
, “
The Rotating-Wire Arc Fatigue Machine for Testing Small-Diameter Wire
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
35
, Part H, pp. 156–166 (
1935
);
Votta
F. A.
, “
New Wire Fatigue Testing Method
,”
Iron Age
,
12
08
1948
, pp. 78–81;
Votta
F. A.
,
Steel
,
27
12
1948
, p. 90.
15.
Moore
H. F.
and
Alleman
N. J.
, “
Progress Report on Fatigue Tests of Low Carbon Steel at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
31
, Part I, pp. 114–121 (
1931
);
Howell
F. M.
and
Howarth
E. S.
, “
A Fatigue Machine for Testing Metals at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
37
, Part II, pp. 206–215 (
1937
);
McKeown
J.
and
Black
H. L.
, “
A Rotating-Load, Elevated Temperature Fatigue Testing Machine
,”
Metallurgia
, September, 1948, pp. 247–254.
16.
Oschatz
H.
, “
Small French Alternating Testing Machines
,”
Metallwirtschaft
, Vol.
22
, pp. 558–559; Machines made by Matra Co., France; Chevenard Machine made by Amsler Works and distributed by Adolph I. Buehler, Chicago, Ill.
17.
Bradshaw
W. H.
, “
Standard Fatigue Tester for Use by the Rayon Manufacturers
,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 136, October, 1945, p. 13;
Mallory
G. W.
, U. S. Patent No. 2,412,524, “
Fatigue Test for Tire Cord
.”
18.
Bulletins 46B and 46W
,
Krouse Testing Machine Co.
, Columbus, Ohio.
19.
Greenall
C. H.
and
Gohn
G. R.
, “
Fatigue Properties of Non-Ferrous Sheet Metals
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
37
, Part II, pp. 160–191 (
1937
);
Townsend
J. R.
and
Greenall
C. H.
, “
Fatigue Studies of Non-Ferrous Sheet Metals
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
29
, pp. 353–370 (
1929
);
Townsend
J. R.
and
Greenall
C. H.
,
Bell Laboratory Record
 0005-8564, September, 1934, Vol.
13
, No.
1
, pp. 12–16.
20.
The Effect of Fuels Containing Aromatic. Hydrocarbons on Neoprene Hose
,”
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Rubber Chemicals Division
, Wilmington, Del.
21.
de Forest
A. V.
and
Hopkins
L. W.
, “
Testing of Rope Wire and Wire Rope
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
32
, Part II, pp. 398–412 (
1932
).
22.
Matthaes
M.
,
Metallwirtsch
, Vol.
12
, p. 485 (
1933
);
Matthaes
M.
,
Zeitschrift Des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
, Vol.
77
, p. 27 (
1933
); also see reference Id, this machine used at German Aeronautical Inst.
23.
Early model described in
Transactions, Am. Soc. Mechanical Engrs.
 0097-6822, Vol.
66
, pp. 319–328 and 442–446 (
1944
);
Description of current model never published; also used by
Kehl
G. L.
, “
Improvements on a New Type Flexure Fatigue Machine
,” Thesis,
Lehigh University
,
1937
;
Amsler and Losenhausen pulsators, types 21 and 22, can be used to replace the crank drive in type 10; compressed air-operated piston is also used by
Losenhausen
, replacing crank drive, which operates near resonance,
Zeitschrift Des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
, Vol.
72
, No.
48
(
1928
).
24.
Ruttman
W.
,
Bauart MAN type
, Thesis,
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt
(
1933
).
Lipp
T.
, Thesis,
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt
(
1934
);
also see reference le,
Wilkinson
,
Earl B.
 Jr.
, Rayflex machine described in “
Effect of Surface Finish on Fatigue Strength on Helical Spring Steel
,” B. S. Thesis,
Massachusetts Institute Technology
(
1939
).
25.
Used in General Electric Co., Schenectady Works Laboratory
.
26.
Welch
W. P.
and
Wilson
W. A.
, “
A New High Temperature Fatigue Machine
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
41
, pp. 733–746 (
1941
).
27.
Bleakney
W. M.
, “
Fatigue Testing of Beams by the Resonance Method
,”
Technical Note No. 660
,
Nat. Adv. Committee for Aeronautics
(
1938
);
Brueggeman
W. C.
,
Krupen
P.
, and
Roop
F. C.
, “
Axial Fatigue Tests of 10 Airplane Wing-Beam Specimens by the Resonance Method
,”
Technical Note No. 959
,
Nat. Adv. Committee for Aeronautics
.
28.
Specification No. R-1305A
,
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co.
, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
41
, p. 733 (
1941
).
29.
Vibration Testing Technique
,”
Bulletin No. 210B
,
MB Manufacturing Co.
, 1060 State St., New Haven 11, Conn.;
The Calidyne Co.
, 751 Main St., Winchester, Mass.
30.
Bulletin No. 256
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.
31.
Bulletin No. 258
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa., Materials and Methods, December, 1948, p. 121.
32.
Bernhard
R. K.
,
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
37
, Part II, p. 634 (
1937
);
Bernhard
R. K.
,
Bulletin 156
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.
33.
Lazan
B. J.
,
Modern Plastics
 0026-8275, November, 1942, Vol.
20
, p. 83;
Lazan
B. J.
,
Bulletins 202 and 266
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.
34.
Jenkins
C. F.
and
Lehman
G. D.
, “
High Frequency Fatigue
,”
Proceedings, Royal Soc. Arts
, Vol.
125
, pp. 83–89 (
1949
).
35.
General Electric Co. Circular
, Fatigue Tester GEC-309;
Quinlan
F. B.
, “
Pneumatic Fatigue
”,
Automotive and Aviation Industries
,
15
01
1947
, p. 30–31 and 94.
36.
Kroon
R. P.
, “
Turbine Blade Fatigue Testing
,”
Mechanical Engineering
 0025-6501, July, 1940, pp. 531–535;
Meredith
Russell
and
Phelan
A. J.
, “
Hollow Blades for Axial Flow Compressors
,”
Metal Progress
, June, 1948, pp. 841–847.
37.
Cleveland Vibrator Co.
, Cleveland, Ohio.
38.
France
R. D.
, “
Endurance Testing of Steel: Comparison of Results Obtained with Rotating Beam Versus Axially Loaded Specimens
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol
31
, Part II, pp. 176–193 (
1931
).
39.
Reynolds
O.
and
Smith
J. H.
, “
On a Throw Testing Machine for Reversals of Mean Stress
,”
Philosophical Transactions, Series A, Royal Soc., London
 0962-8428, Vol.
199
, pp. 265–297 (
1902
).
40.
Stanton
T. E.
, “
Alternating Stress Testing Machine at tie National Physical Laboratory
,”
Engineering
, February 17,
1905
.
41.
Templin
R. L.
, “
The Fatigue Properties of light Metals and Alloys
, ”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol
33
, Part II, pp. 364–80 (
1933
).
42.
Templin
R. L.
, “
Fatigue Machines for Testing Structural Units
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
39
, p. 711 (
1939
);
Hartmann
E. C.
,
Lyst
J. O.
, and
Andrews
H. J.
, “
Fatigue Tests of Riveted Joints
,” Aeronautical Research Report No. 4115,
Nat. Adv. Committee for Aeronautics
, September, 1944.
Templin
R. L.
and
Hartmann
E. C.
, “
Static and Repeated Load Tests of Aluminum Alloy and Steel Riveted Hull Plate Splices
,”
Aluminum Company of America., Research Laboratory
, Technical Paper No. 5 (
1941
).
43.
Eastman
Fred S.
, “
Flexure Pivots to Replace Knife Edges and Ball Bearings
,”
Bulletin No. 86
,
Engineering Experimental Station, University of Washington
, November, 1935.
44.
Wilson
Wilbur M.
and
Thomas
Frank P.
, “
Fatigue Tests of Riveted Joints
,”
Bulletin No. 302
,
Engineering Experimental Station, University of Illinois
,
31
05
1938
, 116 pp.
45.
Bulletin 46-C
,
Krouse Testing Machine Co.
, Columbus, Ohio.
46.
Findley
W. N.
, “
New Apparatus for Axial Load Fatigue Testing
,” ASTM BULLETIN, NO. 147, August, 1947, pp. 54–56.
47.
Larrick
L.
, “
Tension Vibrator Compares Tire Cord Values
,”
Textile World
, Vol.
95
, May, 1945, pp. 107–109.
48.
Bradshaw
W. H.
, “
Standard Fatigue Tester for Use by the Rayon Manufacturers
,” ASTM BULLETIN, NO. 136, October, 1945, p. 13.
49.
Unpublished Minutes of A.S.T.M. Committee D-13
. Subcommittee A-l, Section IV, Cleveland, Ohio, June 17, 1943.
50.
Smith
J. H.
, “
Testing Machines for Reversals of Stress
,”
Engineering
, March 10,
1905
;
Smith
J. H.
, “
Fatigue Testing Machines
,” July 23,
1909
.
51.
Model SF-4
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.
52.
Model SF-20-U
,
Baldwin Locomotive Works
, Philadelphia, Pa.
53.
Foster
H. W.
and
Seliger
Victor
, “
Fatigue Testing Methods and Equipment
,”
Mechanical Engineering
, November, 1944, pp.719–725.
54.
Ténot
A.
, “
A New Machine for the Dynamic Testing of Textilesand Rubber
, ”
Le Génie Civil
, Vol.
124
,
15
09
1947
, pp. 349–351;
Ténot
A.
, Abstract in
Engineering Digest
 0013-7901, British Edition, Vol.
5
, January, 1948, p. 37.
55.
Kuhnelt
M.
, “
The Influence of Coated Weld Rod Upon the Endurance of Steel Shafts
,”
Mitteilungen des Materialprufstelle der Allianz.
, Third Report, p. 11 (
1936
).
56.
Underwood
A. F.
and
Griffin
C. B.
, “
A Machine for Fatigue Testing Full Size Parts
,”
Proceedings, Soc. Experimental Stress Analysis
 0096-3593, Vol.
4
, No.
2
, pp. 32–38;
Underwood
A. F.
and
Griffin
C. B.
,
Operating Manual for GMR Fatigue Testing Machine
,
Research Laboratory, General Motors Corp.
, Detroit, Mich.
57.
Schick
W.
, “
Investigation of Welded Connections
,”
Technische Mitteilungen Krupp
 0494-9382, Vol.
2
, p. 43 (
1934
); descriptive pamphlets from A. J. Amsler and Co., Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
58.
Rathke
K.
, “
Universial Testing Machine for Alternate Fatigue Loading
,”
Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
, Vol.
75
, p. 1289 (
1931
).
59.
Proceedings, Royal Soc., London
 0370-1662, Vol.
86A
, No.
11
(
1911
).
60.
Engineering
, p. 805 (
1912
)
Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
(
1917
);
Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
p. 1445 (
1911
).
61.
Journal, Institute of Metals
 0020-2975, Vol.
18
, p. 2 (
1917
); References and .
62.
Russenberger
M.
, “
A Dynamic Tension-Compression Testing Machine for the Determination of Fatigue Strength and Damping
,”
Schweizer Archiv für Angewandte Wissenschaft und Technik
,
02
1945
, pp. 33–42.
63.
Mitteilungen aus dem Mechanisch-technischen Laboratorium in München
, No. 31 (
1909
).
64.
Mason
W.
, “
Alternating Stress Experiments
,”
Journal, Inst. Mechanical Engrs.
, February, 1917, p. 121;
Engineering
, p. 550 (
1921
) February, 1917, p. 187.
65.
Moore
H. F.
and
Kommers
J. B.
, “
An Investigation of the Fatigue of Metals
,”
Bulletin No. 124
,
Engineering Experimental Station, University of Illinois
, October, 1921, pp. 28–32.
66.
McAdam
D. J.
, “
A High Speed Alternating Torsion Testing Machine
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
20
, Part II, p. 366 (
1920
).
67.
Stromeyer
C. E.
, “
The Determination of Fatigue Limits under Alternating Stress Conditions
,”
Proceedings, Royal Soc
 0370-1662, Vol.
90
, p. 411 (
1914
).
68.
Discussion by
Moore
H. F.
in Reference 64;
McAdam
D. J.
, “
Accelerated Fatigue Tests and Some Endurance Properties of Metals
,”
Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.
, Vol.
24
, Part II, p. 459 (
1924
).
69.
Rowett
F. E.
, “
Elastic Hysteresis in Steel
,”
Proceedings, Royal Soc
 0370-1662, Vol.
89
, p. 528 (
1913
).
70.
Oschatz
H.
, “
A Fatigue Testing Machine for Determining the Endurance of Specimens and Form Elements
,”
Metall-Wirtschaft
, Vol.
13
, p. 443 (
1934
); also see reference 1d.
71.
Lehr
E.
and
Ruef
R.
, “
Fatigue Strength of Crankshafts of Large Diesels
,”
MTZ Motortechnische Zeitung
 0024-8525, Vol.
5
, Nos. 11 and 12, December, 1943, pp. 349–357;
Lehr
E.
and
Ruef
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