Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Eleventh Volume
This new volume provides 32 peer-reviewed papers covering:
Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals—focuses on the results of an experimental study on the ignition of fire retarded polyurethane foam in oxygen concentrations from 30% to 60%; frictional ignition testing of composite materials; pneumatic-impact ignition of sebum oil film in high-pressure oxygen; and ignition of non-metals in a study conducted to characterize the flammability of commonly used surgical drapes by their oxygen index.
Ignition and Combustion of Metals—presents a study on promoted combustion of metals in ambient and elevated temperatures; high temperature ignition of metals in oxygen; heated promoted combustion tests from the industry-sponsored 98-1 program; study on surface ignition of aluminum in oxygen; and the effect of sample geometry on flammability of carbon steel in oxygen.
Oxygen Compatibility of Components and Systems—discusses a BAM study on the transfer of tests on materials to valves and fittings in real life situations; oxygen compatibility assessment on components and systems; a study on mechanical impact of aluminum cylinders pressurized with oxygen; and an explanation of why the adiabatic compression test was proposed for the qualification of oxygen-compatible equipment such as valves, regulators, and flexhoses.
Analysis of Ignition and Combustion—provides a review on a relatively little investigated ignition mechanism (flow friction).
Failure Analysis and Safety—covers oxygen cylinders; fires in the P-3 aircraft oxygen system; analysis and hazard mitigation of the life-support oxygen system on Royal Australian Air Force P-3 Orion Spacecraft; investigation of oxygen-acetylene flashback reactions in welding hoses; and analysis tools used to evaluate oxygen hazards and the oxygen compatibility of metals.
Aerospace Applications—discusses electrical arc ignition testing of spacesuit materials; proficiency testing for evaluating aerospace materials test anomalies; comparison of carbon dioxide and helium as fire extinguishing agents for spacecraft; regression rate of the melting interface for iron burning in normal-gravity and reduced-gravity; proactive mitigation of PCTFE-related ignition hazards in oxygen systems; testing of inventoried "at-risk" PCTFE parts, and hazards analyses of corresponding ground service equipment at the Kennedy Space Center
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Table of Contents
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A Metallurgist's Views on the Selection of Engineering Alloys for Applications Involving Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Keynote AddressByR ZawieruchaR Zawierucha1Metallurgist and Oxygen Materials Specialist, East Aurora, NY 14052.Search for other works by this author on:
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Ignition of Combustion Modified Polyurethane FoamByOM Putzeys,OM Putzeys1Graduate Student Researcher,University of California, Berkeley,Berkeley, CA 94720.Search for other works by this author on:AC Fernandez-Pello,AC Fernandez-Pello2Professor,University of California, Berkeley,Berkeley, CA 94720.Search for other works by this author on:DL UrbanDL Urban3Chief,Combustion and Reacting Systems, NASA Glenn Research Center,Cleveland, OH 44135.Search for other works by this author on:
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Frictional Ignition Testing of Composite MaterialsByS Peralta,S Peralta1Mechanical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:K Rosales,K Rosales2Chemical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:MJ Robinson,MJ Robinson3Associate Technical Fellow,The Boeing Company,Huntington Beach, CA, 92647.Search for other works by this author on:J StoltzfusJ Stoltzfus4Mechanical Engineer,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Pneumatic Impact Ignition of Sebum Oil Film in High-Pressure OxygenBySA Tapia,SA Tapia1Project Leader,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, New Mexico 88004.Search for other works by this author on:SR Smith,SR Smith2Mechanical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, New Mexico 88004.Search for other works by this author on:F-Y Hshieh,F-Y Hshieh3Materials and Combustion Scientist,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, New Mexico 88004.Search for other works by this author on:JM StoltzfusJM Stoltzfus4Project Manager,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, New Mexico 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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The Oxygen Index of Surgical Drape MaterialsByGW Serrao,GW Serrao1The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art,51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.Search for other works by this author on:MK Micou,MK Micou2Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering,The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art,51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.Search for other works by this author on:GW Sidebotham,GW Sidebotham3Professor of Mechanical Engineering,The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art,51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.Search for other works by this author on:GL WolfGL Wolf4Emeritus Professor of Anesthesiology,State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn,450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203.Search for other works by this author on:
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Promoted Metals Combustion at Ambient and Elevated TemperaturesByCD Engel,CD Engel1Director of Engineering and Research Specialist,Qualis Corporation, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:SD Herald,SD Herald2Laboratory Chief Engineer,ICRC Aerospace Services, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:SE DavisSE Davis3Materials Engineer, Chemistry Team, Materials Test Branch,Materials and Processes Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:
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Ignition of Metals at High Temperatures in OxygenByMJ Slockers,MJ Slockers1Mechanical Engineer and Scientist, respectively,Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:R Robles-CulbrethR Robles-Culbreth1Mechanical Engineer and Scientist, respectively,Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Promoted Combustion Testing of Pure and Ceramic-Coated Metals in High Pressure Oxygen by the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM)ByC Binder,C Binder1Specialists of Working Group“Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II. 1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:T Kasch,T Kasch1Specialists of Working Group“Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II. 1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:T Brock,T Brock1Specialists of Working Group“Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II. 1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:U Beck,U Beck2Specialists of Division VIII.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:M Weise,M Weise2Specialists of Division VIII.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:M SahreM Sahre2Specialists of Division VIII.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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Surface Ignition of Aluminum in OxygenByG Chiffoleau,G Chiffoleau1Test Facility Manager and Vice President R&D, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:B Newton,B Newton1Test Facility Manager and Vice President R&D, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:NJH Holroyd,NJH Holroyd2Senior VP R&D and Senior R&D Engineer, respectively,Luxfer Gas Cylinders,3016 Kansas Ave., Riverside, CA 92507.Search for other works by this author on:S HavercroftS Havercroft2Senior VP R&D and Senior R&D Engineer, respectively,Luxfer Gas Cylinders,3016 Kansas Ave., Riverside, CA 92507.Search for other works by this author on:
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Effect of Sample Geometry on Regression Rate of the Melting Interface for Carbon Steel Burned in OxygenByT Suvorovs,T Suvorovs1Postgraduate Students, Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering,School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology,Gardens Point, QLD,.Australia, 4001Search for other works by this author on:NR Ward,NR Ward1Postgraduate Students, Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering,School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology,Gardens Point, QLD,.Australia, 4001Search for other works by this author on:R Wilson,R Wilson2Senior Lecturer,School of Mathematics, The University of Queensland,St. Lucia, QLD,.Australia, 4072Search for other works by this author on:TA SteinbergTA Steinberg3Senior Lecturer,Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology,Gardens Point, QLD,.Australia, 4001Search for other works by this author on:
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Combustion Tests Under High Pressure Oxygen: Promoted Ignition Combustion Test Versus Metallic Disk Ignition TestByC Binder,C Binder1Specialists of Working Group “Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:T Kasch,T Kasch1Specialists of Working Group “Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:S Lehné,S Lehné1Specialists of Working Group “Safe Handling of Oxygen,” Division II.1 “Gases, Gas Plants,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:U Beck,U Beck2Specialists of Division V1II.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:M Weise,M Weise2Specialists of Division V1II.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:M SahreM Sahre2Specialists of Division V1II.2 “Surface Technology,”Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM),Berlin,.GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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Oxygen Compatibility Assessment on Components and SystemsByK Rosales,K Rosales1Chemical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88004.Search for other works by this author on:M Shoffstall,M Shoffstall2Aerospace Engineering Manager,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88004.Search for other works by this author on:J StoltzfusJ Stoltzfus3Mechanical Engineer,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Mechanical Impact of Aluminum Alloy Gas Cylinder Pressurized with OxygenByG Chiffoleau,G Chiffoleau1Test Facility Manager and Vice President R&D, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.1020. S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:B Newton,B Newton1Test Facility Manager and Vice President R&D, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.1020. S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:NJH Holroyd,NJH Holroyd2Senior VP R&D and Senior R&D Engineer, respectively,Luxfer Gas Cylinders,3016 Kansas Ave, Riverside, CA 92507.Search for other works by this author on:S HavercroftS Havercroft2Senior VP R&D and Senior R&D Engineer, respectively,Luxfer Gas Cylinders,3016 Kansas Ave, Riverside, CA 92507.Search for other works by this author on:
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The Adiabatic Compression Test for Type Approval of Components - History and Final Test ProtocolByH BarthélémyH Barthélémy1AL Fellow, Materials, Gas Cylinders, Pressure Equipment and Hydrogen Activities,Air Liquide Group,75 quai d'Orsay, 75321 ParisCedex 07,.FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Flow Friction Fire History and ResearchByTD Gallus,TD Gallus1Mechanical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004Search for other works by this author on:JM StoltzfusJM Stoltzfus2Mechanical Engineer,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Oxygen Fires in Aluminum Alloy CylindersByH BarthélémyH Barthélémy1AL Fellow, Materials, Gas Cylinders, Pressure Equipment and Hydrogen Activities,Air Liquide Group,75 quai d'Orsay, 75321 ParisCedex 07,.FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Ignition of a Composite Cylinder with Plastic LinerByH BarthélémyH Barthélémy1AL Fellow, Materials, Gas Cylinders, Pressure Equipment and Hydrogen Activities,Air Liquide Group,75 quai d'Orsay, 75321 ParisCedex 07,.FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Fires in P-3 Aircraft Oxygen SystemsByJ StoltzfusJ Stoltzfus1Mechanical Engineer,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Review, Analysis, and Hazard Mitigation of the Life-Support Oxygen System on Royal Australian Air Force P-3 Orion AircraftByPJ Hay,PJ Hay1Maritime Patrol System Program Office, Defence Materiel Organisation,RAAF Base, Edinburgh, South Australia,.Australia, 5111Search for other works by this author on:DMC Burns,DMC Burns1Maritime Patrol System Program Office, Defence Materiel Organisation,RAAF Base, Edinburgh, South Australia,.Australia, 5111Search for other works by this author on:TA SteinbergTA Steinberg2School of Engineering Systems,Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering,Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane, Queensland,.Australia, 4001Search for other works by this author on:
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Investigation of Oxygen-Acetylene Flashback Reactions in Welding HosesByBE Newton,BE Newton1Vice President,R&D, Wendell Hull and Associates Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:D Pryor,D Pryor2Principal Engineer,Victor Equipment Company,Denton, TX.Search for other works by this author on:GJA Chiffoleau,GJA Chiffoleau3Test Facility Manager,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:H BeesonH Beeson4NASA-WSTF,Laboratories Office Deputy Chief, Las Cruces, NM.Search for other works by this author on:
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Analysis Tools Used to Evaluate Oxygen Hazards and the Oxygen Compatibility of MetalsByET Forsyth,ET Forsyth1Technical Consultant,Oxygen Safety Consultants, Inc.,Tulsa, OK 74104.Search for other works by this author on:BE Newton,BE Newton2Vice Present, Research & Development and Test Facility Manager, respectively,Wendell Hull & Associates, Inc.,Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:G ChiffoleauG Chiffoleau2Vice Present, Research & Development and Test Facility Manager, respectively,Wendell Hull & Associates, Inc.,Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:
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Electrical Arc Ignition Testing of Spacesuit MaterialsByS Smith,S Smith1Project Leader,GeoControls Systems, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:T Gallus,T Gallus2Chemical Engineer,Muniz Engineering, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:S Tapia,S Tapia3Project Manager,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:E Ball,E Ball4Technical Editor,Jacobs Sverdrup, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:H BeesonH Beeson5Project Manager,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Proficiency Testing for Evaluating Aerospace Materials Test AnomaliesByD Hirsch,D Hirsch1Aerospace Engineering Manager,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004Search for other works by this author on:S Motto,S Motto2Test Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004Search for other works by this author on:G Peyton,G Peyton3Materials and Test Coordinator,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004Search for other works by this author on:H BeesonH Beeson4NASA Laboratories Office Deputy Chief,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004Search for other works by this author on:
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Comparison of Carbon Dioxide and Helium as Fire Extinguishing Agents for SpacecraftByY Son,Y Son1Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Southern California,3650 McClintock Ave., OHE430, LA,CA, 90089.Search for other works by this author on:G Zouein,G Zouein2Graduate student,University of Southern California,3650 McClintock Ave., OHE430, LA,CA, 90089.Search for other works by this author on:S Gokoglu,S Gokoglu3Scientist,NASA Glenn Research Center,21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland, OH, 44135.Search for other works by this author on:PD RonneyPD Ronney4Professor,University of Southern California,3650 McClintock Ave., OHE430, LA,CA, 90089.Search for other works by this author on:
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An Investigation of Regression Rate of the Melting Interface for Iron Burning in Normal Gravity and Reduced GravityByNR Ward,NR Ward1Postgraduate Students and Senior Lecturer, respectively,School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology (QUT),Brisbane, Qld 4001,.AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:T Suvorovs,T Suvorovs1Postgraduate Students and Senior Lecturer, respectively,School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology (QUT),Brisbane, Qld 4001,.AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:TA SteinbergTA Steinberg1Postgraduate Students and Senior Lecturer, respectively,School of Engineering Systems, Queensland University of Technology (QUT),Brisbane, Qld 4001,.AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Proactive Mitigation of PCTFE-Related Ignition Hazards in Oxygen Systems: I. Development of a Voluntary Consensus Standard Specification to Control Property Variation in Finished PCTFE PartsByJM Waller, Ph.D,JM Waller, Ph.D1Materials Scientist,Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:HL Julien, Ph.D, PE,HL Julien, Ph.D, PE2Consultant,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:BE Newton, PE, BSME,BE Newton, PE, BSME3Engineer,Wendell Hull & Associates, Inc.,Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:HD Beeson, Ph.D.HD Beeson, Ph.D.4Laboratories Office Chief,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Proactive Mitigation of PCTFE-Related Ignition Hazards in Oxygen Systems: II. Testing of Inventoried “At-Risk” PCTFE Parts and Hazard Analyses of Corresponding Ground Service Equipment at the Kennedy Space CenterByJM Waller,JM Waller1Materials Scientist,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:KA Murray,KA Murray2Engineers,United Space Alliance, NASA Kennedy Space Center,Cape Canaveral, FL 32920.Search for other works by this author on:AR Staveland,AR Staveland3Engineering Specialist,United Space Alliance, NASA Kennedy Space Center,Cape Canaveral, FL 32920.Search for other works by this author on:PD Faughnan,PD Faughnan4Materials Engineer,NASA-Kennedy Space Center,FL 32899.Search for other works by this author on:D Tyre,D Tyre2Engineers,United Space Alliance, NASA Kennedy Space Center,Cape Canaveral, FL 32920.Search for other works by this author on:SR Smith,SR Smith5Mechanical Engineers,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:T Gallus,T Gallus5Mechanical Engineers,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:BE Newton,BE Newton6Engineer,Wendell Hull & Associates, Inc.,Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:F-Y Hshieh,F-Y Hshieh7Special Projects Scientist,Honeywell Technology Solutions Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:HD BeesonHD Beeson8Office Chief,NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Filtration of Gaseous or Liquid Oxygen in Industrial Applications and Associated Fire Risks
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ASTM G 175 Interlaboratory Study on Forced Ignition TestingBySR Smith,SR Smith1Mechanical Engineer,Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:JM StoltzfusJM Stoltzfus2Mechanical Engineer,NASA Laboratories Office, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility, P.O. Box 20,Las Cruces, NM 88004.Search for other works by this author on:
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Mechanical Impact Testing: Data Review and AnalysisByCD Engel,CD Engel1Director of Engineering and Research Specialist,Qualis Corporation, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:SD Herald,SD Herald2Laboratory Chief Engineer,Integrated Concepts & Research Corporation Aerospace Services, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:SE DavisSE Davis3Materials Engineer, Chemistry Team, Materials Test Branch,Materials and Processes Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center/EM10,Huntsville, AL 35812.Search for other works by this author on:
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Materials Compatibility with Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)ByBE Newton,BE Newton1Vice President, Research and Development and Test Facility Manager, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates Inc.,1020 S. Main St. Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:GJA ChiffoleauGJA Chiffoleau1Vice President, Research and Development and Test Facility Manager, respectively,Wendell Hull and Associates Inc.,1020 S. Main St. Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:
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Promoted Ignition of a Cylinder Valve in NF3ByG Chiffoleau,G Chiffoleau1Test Facility Manager,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM, 88005.Search for other works by this author on:B Newton,B Newton2Vice President R&D,Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc.,1020 S. Main, Las Cruces, NM 88005.Search for other works by this author on:T Chou,T Chou3BOC Gases/BOC Edwards—Electronic Materials,100 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974.Search for other works by this author on:B WilsonB Wilson4Director—Global Process Development,BOC Edwards,575 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.Search for other works by this author on: