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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Bench Testing of Industrial Fluid Lubrication and Wear Properties Used in Machinery Applications
By
GE Totten, PhD
GE Totten, PhD
1
Union Carbide Corporation
?
Tarrytown, New York Symposium Chairman and Editor
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LD Wedeven, PhD
LD Wedeven, PhD
2
Wedeven Associates Inc.
?
Edgemont, Pennsylvania Symposium Chairman and Editor
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M Anderson
M Anderson
3
Falex Corporation
?
Sugar Grove, Illinois Symposium Chairman and Editor
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JR Dickey
JR Dickey
4
Lubricants Consultants
?
Basking Ridge New Jersey Symposium Chairman and Editor
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ISBN-10:
0-8031-2867-3
ISBN:
978-0-8031-2867-5
No. of Pages:
345
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
2001

Base oil type, viscosity, and additive packages of gear lubricants influence gear failures as wear, scuffing, micropitting and pitting as well as power loss and efficiency. Numerous test methods have been developed to quantify these influences.

Different test equipment like a gear test rig, a twin disk machine and the Shell four ball tester are shown and discussed. Results of lubricants in these bench tests on scuffing, pitting and friction behaviour are shown and compared to each other and to gear performance.

It can be summarized that poor correlation has to be stated for the bench tests with 100% sliding rate. For the twin disk simulation poor correlation was found for scuffing results, good relative but poor absolute correlation for pitting results and both good relative and absolute correlation for the frictional behavior. From these investigations it has to be concluded that bench test results applied to gears have to be regarded very critically and can only be interpreted correctly with excellent experimental background and experience.

1.
Niemann
,
G.
,
Winter
,
H.
:
„Maschinenelemehte, Band II“ (Machine Elements)
.
Springer
Berlin
1985
.
2.
Winter
;
H.
,
Michaelis
,
K.
: „
Scoring Load Capacity of Gears Lubricated with EP-Oils
“.
Fall Technical Meeting Montreal Canada
, Oct. 17–19, 1983, AGMA Technical Paper No. P219.17.
3.
Vogelpohl
,
G.
:
„Verschleiβ von Maschinen und die Möglichkeiten seiner Verminderung mit Hilfe der auf Ölprüfgeräten gewonnenen Erkenntnisse“ (Wear in Machines and Possibilities of its Reduction by use of Characteristic Values from Lubricant Bench Tests)
Erdöl und Kohle, Ergas, Petrochemie
14
(
1961
), Heft 10, S. 824–829.
4.
Bartz
,
W.J.
:
„Über den Miβbrauch von Schmierstoffprüfgeräten“ (On the Misuse of Lubricant Bench Tests)
Mineralöltechnik
14
(
1970
), S. 1–24.
5.
ASTM D-5182-97e1 : „
Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing (Scoring) Load Capacity of Oils (FZG Visual Method)
“.
6.
CEC L-07-A-95: „
FZG Gear Machine: Load Carrying Capacity Test for Transmission Lubricants
“.
7.
Simon
,
M.
:
„Messung von elasto-hydrodynamischen Parametern und ihre Auswirkung auf die Grübchentragfähigkeit vergüteter Scheiben und Zahnräder.“ (Measurement of EHD Parameters and their Influence on Pitting Capacity of Through Hardened Disks and Gears)
. Dissertation TU München
1984
.
8.
Hoffmann
,
G.
,
Lipp
,
K.
,
Michaelis
,
K.
,
Sonsino
,
C.M.
,
Rice
,
J.A.
: „
Testing P/M Materials for High Loading Gear Applications
The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy
, Vol
35
(
1999
), p. 35–44.
9.
ASTM D2596-97 „
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
10.
Wirtz
,
H.
:
„Schmierstoffe und anwendungsbezogene Schmierstoffprüfung“ (Lubricants and Practical Lubricant Testing)
.
Vortrag Technische Akademie Wuppertal
, Hubertusallee 18, 42117 Wuppertal, Mai 1980.
11.
Hösl
,
W.
:
„Das Verhalten von β-Diketonen unter Bedingungen der Mischreibung“ (Behaviour of β-Diketones at Boundary Lubrication)
Dissertation Universtität Hannover,
1968
12.
ASTM D2782-94(1996) „
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Timken Method)
13.
Höhn
,
B.-R.
,
Oster
,
P.
,
Michaelis
,
K.
: „
New Test Methods for the Evaluation of Wear, Scuffing and Pitting Capacity of Gear Lubricants
“. AGMA Technical Paper no. 98FTM8.
14.
Seitzinger
,
K.
,
Richter
,
M.
:
„Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der FZG-Zahnrad-Verspannungs-Prüfmaschine, insbesondere zur Prüfung von Hypoidgetriebeölen“ (Limits and Possibilities of the FZG Back-to-back test rig - Testing of Hypoid Gear Oils)
Schmiertechnik und Tribologie
18
(
1971
), S. 223 – 227,
19
(
1972
), S. 22 – 29, S. 58 – 60, S. 128 – 130, S. 145 – 148.
15.
Winter
,
H.
,
Michaelis
,
K.
: „
Scoring Load Capacity of EP-Oils in the FZG L-42 Test
Fuels and Lubricants Meeting Toronto
, Oct. 18–21, 1982, SAE Technical Paper Series
821183
, S. 1 – 7.
16.
Käser
,
W.
:
„Beitrag zur Grübchenbildung an gehärteten Zahnrädern. Einfluβ von Härtetiefe und Schmierstoff auf die Flankentragfähigkeit“ (Pitting Load Capacity of Case Carburized Gears - Influence of Case Depth and Lubricant)
. Dissertation TU München
1977
.
17.
Rösch
,
H.
:
„Untersuchungen zur Wälzfestigkeit von Rollen - Einfluβ von Werkstoff, Wärmebehandlung und Schlupf“ (Investigations on Pitting Load Capacity of Rollers - Influence of Material, Heat Treatment and Slip Rate)
. Dissertation TU München
1976
.
18.
Stössel
,
K.
: „
Reibungszahlen unter elasto-hydrodynamischen Bedingungen“ (Coefficient of friction for EHD Lubrication)
Dissertation TU München
1971
.
19.
Höhn
,
B.-R.
;
Michaelis
,
K.
: „
Influence of Lubricants on Power Loss of Cylindrical Gears
48th Annual Meeting in Calgary
,
Alberta, Canada
, May 17–20, 1993. Tribology Transactions Volume
37
(
1994
) p. 161 – 167.
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