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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Tribology: Wear Test Selection for Design and Application
By
AW Ruff
AW Ruff
1
National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
;
symposium chairman and editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
RG Bayer
RG Bayer
2
4609 Marshall Drive, West
;
Vestal, NY 13850
;
symposium chairman and editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-1856-2
ISBN:
978-0-8031-1856-0
No. of Pages:
187
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1993

Progress in the field of tribology strongly parallels, and has always been strongly driven by, developments and needs in transportation and related industries. Testing of candidate materials for internal combustion engine applications has historically taken several routes: (1) replacement of parts in actual engines subjected to daily use, (2) testing in special, instrumented test engines; (3) and simulative testing in laboratory tribometers using relatively simple specimens. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are reviewed using historical examples. A four-decade, retrospective survey of the tribomaterials literature focused on the effectiveness of laboratory simulations for engine materials screening. Guidelines for designing and ducting successful tribology laboratory simulations will be discussed. These concepts were used to design a valve wear simulator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

1.
Hoshi
M.
, “
Reducing friction losses in automobile engines
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
17
(
4
),
1984
, pp. 185–189.
2.
Robinson
H.
,
Thomson
R. F.
and
Webbere
F. J.
, “
The Use of Bench Wear Tests in Materials Development
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
3
,
1960
, p. 479.
3.
Robinson
G. H.
,
Thomson
R. F.
, and
Webbere
F. J.
, “
The use of Bench Wear Tests in Materials Development
,”
Society of Automotive Engineers Transactions
, Vol.
67
,
1959
, pp. 569–579.
4.
Gee
A. W. J. de
, “
Selection of materials for tribotechnical applications — the role of tribometry
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
11
(
4
),
1978
, pp. 233–239.
5.
Lancaster
J. K.
, “
Accelerated wear testing as an aid to failure diagnosis and materials selection
,”
Tribology International
, Vol,
15
(
6
),
1982
, pp. 323–329.
6.
Alliston
A. F.
and
Plint
M. A.
, “
Tribology in engine development The role of test methods and procedures
,”
Automotive Design Engineering, Fuels and Lubricants
,
1992
, pp. 221–225.
7.
Kategorien der Verschleissprufung
,”
Deutsches Institut fur Normen (DIN) Standard 50 322
,
1986
.
8.
Improving Automobile Fuel Economy
, Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-E-504,
U. S. Government Printing Office
, Washington,
1991
, 115 pp.
9.
Volarovich
M. P.
, “
An Investigation of Piston-Cylinder and Shaft Bearing Friction at Low Temperatures
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
2
, 1958/9, pp. 203–216.
10.
Wacker
E.
, “
Simulation des Kolbenringnutverschleisses auf einger Modellprufmaschine
,” Dissertation (in German),
Technischen Universitat Clausthal
, 27 Juni 1977.
11.
Wacker
E.
, “
The Use of a Testing Machine for Simulating Piston Ring Groove Wear
,” in Metallurgical Aspects of Wear, ed.
Hornbogen
,
German Society for Metallurgy
,
1979
, pp. 247–267.
12.
Nautiyal
P. C.
,
Singhal
S.
, and
Sharma
J. P.
, “
Friction and wear processes in piston rings
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
16
(
1
),
1983
, pp. 43–39.
13.
Davis
F. A.
and
Eyre
T. S.
, “
The effects of a friction modifier on piston ring and cylinder bore friction and wear
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
23
(
3
),
1990
, pp. 163–171.
14.
Dufrane
K. F.
and
Glaeser
W. A.
, “
Wear of Ceramics in Advanced Heat Engine Applications
,” Proc. Wear of Materials,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
New York
,
1987
, pp. 285–291.
15.
Gaydos
P. A.
and
Dufrane
K. F.
, “
Studies of Dynamic Contact of Ceramics and Alloys for Advanced Heat Engines
,” Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Report ORNL/Sub/84-00216/1,
1992
, 36 pp.
16.
Dufrane
K. F.
, “
Wear Performance of Ceramics in Ring/Cylinder Liner Applications
,”
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
 0002-7820, Vol.
72
(
4
),
1989
, pp. 691–695.
17.
Al-Khalidi
G. F.
and
Eyre
T. S.
, “
Bore polishing — identification and simulation
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
20
(
1
),
1987
, pp. 18–24.
18.
Naylor
M. G. S.
, “
Wear-Resistant Ceramic Coatings
,” Proc. of the Ann. Auto. Tech. Dev. Contractors' 1991 Coord. Meeting,
SAE
,
Warrendale, Penna.
,
1992
, pp. 403–415.
19.
Naylor
M. G. S.
, “
Development of Wear-Resistant Ceramic Coatings for Diesel Engine Components. Volume I: Coating Development and Tribological Testing
,” Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Report ORNL/Sub/87-SA581/1,
1992
.
20.
Weiss
C. D.
, “
Wear Resistant Ceramic Components for Diesel Engine Components
,” Proc. 1987 Coatings for Adv. Heat Engines Workshop,
U. S. Dept. of Energy
, CONF 870762,
1987
, pp. IV-11 to IV-18.
21.
Sloan
R. J.
, “
Piston Ring and Liner Wear Simulator and Method of Using Same
”, U. S. Patent Number 5,007,284, dated
16
04
1991
.
22.
Blau
P. J.
, Chairman, ASTM Task Group G02.40.07 on “
Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test Method
,” established
1990
.
23.
Krishnan
B. P.
,
Raman
N.
,
Narayanaswamy
K.
and
Rohatgi
P. K.
, “
Performance of aluminum alloy graphite bearings in a diesel engine
”,
Tribology International
, Vol.
16
(
1
),
1983
, pp. 239–249.
24.
Wilde
E. F. de
, “
Investigation of Engine Exhaust Valve Wear
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
10
,
1967
, pp. 231–244.
25.
Kano
M.
and
Tanimoto
I.
, “
Wear Mechanism of High Wear-Resistant Materials for Automotive Valve Trains
”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Wear of Materials,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
New York
,
1991
, pp. 83–84.
26.
Kano
M.
and
Tanimoto
I.
, “
Wear mechanism of high wear-resistant materials for automotive valve trains
”,
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
151
,
1991
, pp. 229–243.
27.
Black
A. L.
,
Dunster
R. W.
,
Sanders
J. V.
, and
McTaggart
F. K.
, “
Molybdenum Disulphide Deposits — Their Formation and Characteristics on Automotive Engine Parts
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
10
,
1967
, pp. 17–32.
28.
Cartier
M.
and
Cros
G.
, “
Studies of problems associated with valve rockers in internal combustion engines
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
14
(
2
),
1981
, pp. 75–83.
29.
Benichaita
M. T.
, “
Valve Train Wear Mechanisms and Lubricant Performance in New Gasoline Engines
,”
Lubr. Engr.
, Vol.
47
(
11
),
1991
, pp. 893–902.
30.
Eyre
T. S.
and
Crawley
B.
, “
Camshaft and cam follower materials
”,
Tribology International
, Vol.
13
(
4
),
1980
, pp. 147–152.
31.
Jones
B.
and
Watkins
R. C.
, “
Sliding wear rig
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
16
(
6
),
1983
, pp. 297–301.
32.
Braza
J. F.
,
Cheng
H. S.
, and
Fine
M. E.
, “
Wear of Partially-stabilized Zirconia: Sliding versus Rolling Contact
,”
Scripta Metallurgica
, Vol.
21
,
1987
, pp. 1705–1710.
33.
Braza
J. F.
,
Licht
R. H.
, and
Lilley
E.
, “
Ceramic Cam Roller Follower Simulation Tests and Evaluation
,” Society for Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Preprint No. 92-AM-2F-1,
1991
, 8 pp.
34.
Lilley
E.
,
Rossi
G. A.
, and
Pelletier
P. J.
, “
Tribology of Improved Transformation-Toughened Ceramics — Heat engine Test
,” Final report, Oak Ridge National Lab. Report ORNL/Sub/90-SG372/1,
1992
, 101 pp.
35.
Kalish
Y.
, “
Engine-Testing of Ceramic Cam Roller Followers
,” Oak Ridge National Lab. Report, ORNL/Sub/90-SF985/1,
1992
, 93 pp.
36.
Blau
P. J.
, “
The Cost-Effective Ceramic Machining Program Plan
,” Proc. Ann. Automotive Tech. Dev. Contractors' Coord. Meeting,
SAE
,
Warredale, PA
,
1992
, pp. 425–432.
37.
Blau
P. J.
,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, work in progress,
1992
.
38.
Ludema
K. C.
, “
Wear Debris as an Indicator of Valid Simulation in Wear Tests
,” in Sourcebook on Wear Control Technology,
ASM International
,
Materials Park, Ohio
,
1978
, pp. 49–56.
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