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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Low Temperature Lubricant Rheology Measurement and Relevance to Engine Operation
By
RB Rhodes
RB Rhodes
1
Shell Development Company
,
Houston, TX 77070
;
symposium organizer, co-chairman and editor
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ISBN-10:
0-8031-1438-9
ISBN:
978-0-8031-1438-8
No. of Pages:
191
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1992

A great deal of effort has been expended and many accomplishments realized over the past 25 years in ASTM in the area of low temperature engine oil rheology. One major topic of research and development has been that of low temperature engine oil pumpability. This area has gained at least equal prominence and importance to low temperature (SAE “W” grade) engine oil requirements in SAE J 300, as engine cranking. In addition, a worldwide roundrobin on the Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) at multiple use temperature was recently completed. This round robin provided a useful precision statement for the Multi-temperature CCS Method in SAE J 300 for establishing meaningful cranking limits for “W” graded oils. This paper will trace the history of these pertinent developments and their timely importance to the automotive industry.

1.
Coordinating Research Council (CRC) Report No. 381, March, 1965, “
Prediction of Low Temperature Cranking Characteristics of Engine Oils By Use of Laboratory Viscometers
2.
Cox
,
D. B.
,
Manning
,
R. E.
and
Kim
,
D. S.
, “
The Cold Cranking Simulator Method For Viscosity of Motor Oils at Low Temperatures
.”, SAE 680067.
3.
Partington
,
B.
and
Pike
,
W. C.
, “
The Effect of Lubricants on the Starting Ability of Automotive Engines
”,
Wear
 0043-1648 
17
(
1971
), Pages 351–365.
4.
Meyer
,
W. A. P.
,
Selby
,
T. W.
and
Stringer
,
H. R.
, “
Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers For Predicting The Cranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at 0°F and -200°F
”, SAE 680065.
5.
O'Mara
,
J. H.
, “
Influence of Oil Viscoeleasticity on CCS Results at -250°C and -30°C In the ASTM RDD 7B/CCS Round Robin
”, Minutes of ASTM RDD 7B/CCS Meeting,
23
06
1980
.
6.
Koller
,
R. D.
, “
Draft ASTM Research Report Multi-Temperature CCS Procedure Precision Round Robin
”,
05
1984
.
7.
ASTM Committee D-2, Subcommittee 7, Section C Cold Cranking Simulator Task Force
, Minutes of June 24 and December 10, 1985 Meetings.
8.
ASTM Committee D-2, Subcommittee 7, Section C
Cold Cranking Simulator Task Force
, Minutes of June 17 and December 8, 1986 Meetings.
9.
ASTM Committee D-2, Subcommittee 7, Section C
Cold Cranking Simulator Task Force
, Minutes of June 23, December 8, 1987 and June 27, 1988 Meetings.
10.
O'Mara
,
J. H.
Holmes
,
J. C.
, “
Round Robin Program To Evaluate The SAE J300 and Constant Shear Rate Multi-temperature CCS Methods In Cooperation With The CEC and IP
”, ASTM D 02.07C Cold Cranking Simulator Task Force, ASTM Research Report, September, 1990.
11.
Letter from Wil Hart (SAE Subcommittee) 2 to Andy Wright (ASTM RDD VII).
12.
Appeldoorn
,
J. K.
, “
Motor Oil Viscosity Pumpability of Oil
.”, API Meeting,
Chicago, IL
,
11
1948
; SAE PT-10, pp. 7–10 (
1966
).
13.
Moyer
,
R. G.
, “
Low Temperature Pumpability of Oil
.”,
Journal of ASLE
,
04
1962
, pp. 165–168.
14.
Selby
,
T. W.
, “
Viscosity and the Cranking Resistance of Engines at Low Temperatures
.”, Sixth World Petroleum Congress Proceedings, Section VI,
Frankfurt, Germany
,
06
1963
, pp. 241–258.
15.
Boone
,
E. F.
,
Crouse
,
W. W.
, and
McLaughlin
,
J. H.
, “
Low Temperature Fluidity of Multigrade Motor Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 710140.
16.
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
and
Graham
,
J. P.
, “
Pumpability of Multigrade Oils at Low Temperatures
.”,
SAE Transactions
, Vol.
80
(
1971
), SAE Paper No. 710139.
17.
Stewart
,
R. M.
and
Spohn
,
C. R.
, “
Some Factors affecting the Cold Pumpability of Crankcase Oils
.”,
SAE Transactions
, Vol.
81
(
1972
), SAE Paper No. 720150.
18.
McMillian
,
M. L.
and
Murphy
,
C. K.
, “
The Relationship of Low-Temperature Rheology to Engine Oil Pumpability
.”, SAE Paper No. 730478, published in SAE SP-382, “Viscosity and Its Application to Automotive Lubricants.”,
SAE
,
1973
.
19.
Stewart
,
R. M.
and
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
, “
Proposed Laboratory Methods for Predicting the Low-Temperature Pumpability Properties of Crankcase Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 730479, published in SAE SP-382.
20.
Tao
,
F. F.
and
Waddey
,
W. E.
, “
Low-Shear Viscosity and Cold Flow Mechanism-Engine Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 730481, published in SAE SP-382.
21.
Nolf
,
A. R.
, “
Engine Oil Pumpability and Related Properties
,” SAE Paper No. 730480, published in SAE SP-382.
22.
Spohn
,
C. R.
and
Stewart
,
R. M.
, “
Cold Pumpability Characteristics of Engine Oils Predicted by a Bench Test
.”, SAE Paper No. 740541.
23.
Alexander
,
D. L.
and
Rein
,
S. W.
, “
Viscometer for Predicting Low Temperature Pumpability of Engine Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 770632, published in SAE SP-419 and ASTM STP-621-S1.
24.
Stewart
,
R. M.
, “
Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial ‘W’ Graded Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results
.”, SAE Paper No. 780369, published in SAE SP-429 and ASTM STP-621-S2.
25.
Low-Temperature Pumpability Characteristics of Engine Oils in Full-Scale Engines
.”,
1975
, ASTM Data Series Publication 57.
26.
McMillian
,
M. L.
,
Stewart
,
R. M.
,
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
and
Rein
,
S. W.
, “
Low-Temperature Engine Oil Pumpability in Full-Scale Engines
.”, SAE Paper No. 750691.
27.
Shaub
,
H.
,
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
and
Murphy
,
C. K.
, “
Predicting Low Temperature Engine Oil Pumpability with the Mini-Rotary Viscometer
.”, SAE Paper No. 790732, published in SAE SP-460 and ASTM STP-621-S4.
28.
ASTM D-3829, “
Standard Method for Predicting the Pumpability of Engine Oils
.”, approved for publication on
31
08
1979
, published in ASTM Handbook in
10
1979
.
29.
Shaub
,
H.
and
Murphy
,
C. K.
, “
Mini-Rotary Viscometer and Engine Oil Pumpability
.”,
Lubrication Eng.
,
37
, 377–386 (
1981
).
30.
Stambaugh
,
R. L.
, “
Engine Oil Viscosity Classification Task Force Low Temperature Report
.”, attached to Minutes of SAE Subcommittee-2 Meeting,
09
06
1981
.
31.
CEC Paper, EL/4/22 presented at the
International Symposium
in
Rome
in
06
1982
.
32.
Stambaugh
,
R. L.
and
O'Mara
,
J. H.
, “
Low Temperature Flow Properties of Engine Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 820509.
33.
Stewart
,
R. M.
,
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
,
Shaub
,
H.
, and
Selby
,
T. W.
, “
Summary of ASTM Activities on Low Temperature Engine Oil Pumpability
”, SAE Paper No. 821206.
34.
Henderson
,
K. O.
,
Manning
,
R. E.
,
May
,
C. J.
and
Rhodes
,
R. B.
, “
New Mini-Rotary Viscometer Temperature Profiles That Predict Engine Oil Pumpability
”, SAE Paper No. 850443.
35.
Manning
,
R. E.
, “
Proposed Revision of Method D-3829 for Predicting the Pumpability of Engine Oils.
”, attached to the March 26, 1982 letter from Bob Manning to RDD VIIC MRV Round Robin Task Force Members.
36.
Smith
, ,
M. F.
 Jr.
, “
Modification of the MRV Cooldown Cycle
.”, presented at the December 1981, RDD VIIC MRV Task Force Meeting in
Pheonix, AZ
, and reported in
12
1981
, MRV Task Force Minutes.
37.
Selby
,
T. W.
, and
Piasecki
,
D. A.
, “
Low Shear, Low Temperature Properties of Engine Oil-Techniques with the Brookfield Viscometer
.”, SAE Paper No. 800367.
38.
Selby
,
T. A.
discussion of Stambaugh and O'Mara SAE Paper No. 820509.
39.
Plante
,
D. L.
, and
Selby
,
T. W.
, “
New Approach to Low Temperature Pumpability Measurements
.”, SAE Paper No. 821207.
40.
Stambaugh
,
R. L.
, “
Engine Oil Viscosity Classification Task Force Report
.”, attached to the Minutes of SAE Subcommittee 2 Meeting,
23
02
1982
.
41.
May
,
C. J.
,
Habeeb
,
J. J.
, and
White
,
A. M.
, “
Engine Oil Low Temperature Pumpability: A Comparison of SAE 10W30, 5W30 and 0W30 Multigrade Engine Oils
.”,
Lubrication Engineering
,
43
,
7
, 557–567,
1987
.
42.
MacAlpine
,
G. A.
, and
May
,
C. J.
, “
Compositional Effects on the Low Temperature Pumpability of Engine Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 870404.
43.
May
,
C. J.
, and
Habeeb
,
J. J.
, “
Factors Affecting the Low Temperature Pumpability of Used Engine Oils
.”, SAE Paper No. 872049.
44.
May
,
C. J.
,
Habeeb
,
J. J.
, “
Lubricant Low Temperature Pumpability Studies — Oil Formulation and Engine Hardware Effects
.”, SAE Paper No. 890037.
45.
Selby
,
T. W.
, and
Piasecki
,
S. A.
, “
Low Shear, Low Temperature Properties of Engine Oils — Techniques with the Brookfield Viscometer
.”, SAE Paper No. 800367.
46.
Inter-laboratory study of the test method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Profile of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature — Scanning Technique
.”, ASTM Research Report D02-1261.
47.
Ford Engineering Material Specifications WSE-M2 C903-A1, WSE-M2C903-A@, Section Physical/Chemical Properties 3.5.1.
48.
Selby
,
T. W.
, “
The Use of the Scanning Brookfield Technique to Study the Critical Degree of Gelation of Lubricants at Low Temperatures
”, SAE Paper No. 910746, February, 1991.
49.
PARAMINS Viscosity Modifier Training Course.
50.
Rossi
,
A.
, “
Wax and Low Temperature Engine Oil Pumpability
”, SAE Pater No. 852113, October 21–24, 1985.
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