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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eighth International Symposium
By
CD Mote, Jr Jr
CD Mote, Jr Jr
1
University of California
?
Berkeley, CA
;
editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
RJ Johnson
RJ Johnson
2
University of Vermont
?
Burlington, VT
;
editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-1405-2
ISBN:
978-0-8031-1405-0
No. of Pages:
277
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1991

An automated system was designed to study the complete flexibility functions of the knee in vitro. The system allows five degrees of freedom with flexion angle being fixed, although adjustable from 0 to 45°. Loads corresponding to each of the five motions can be applied independently and in any combination. The effect of weight bearing on knee flexibility can also be studied by including axial force as one of the five loads. The relative motions are accurately measured with linear and rotary variable differential transformers (LVDTs and RVDTs), and the loads are measured with strain gage transducers. The system is digitally controlled with a closed feedback loop, allowing for any combination of programmed loads. A control algorithm on an IBM PC/AT monitors the loads on each axis and continuously adjusts stepping motors to follow programmed loads correctly. The machine coordinate system corresponds to clinically accepted definitions of motion yet retains sequence independence for rotations. Results demonstrate the repeatability of using a functional definition of axis placement to align the leg within the machine and the utility of the full flexibility functions of the knee, notably in the determination of significant load interactions and coupled motions.

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12.
Markolf
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15.
Pope
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17.
White
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, III
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18.
Butler
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and
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Tension-Torsion Characteristics of the Canine Anterior Cruciate Ligament—Part II: Experimental Observations
,”
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, Vol.
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,
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19.
Andriacchi
,
T. P.
,
Mikosz
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,
Hampton
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, “
Model Studies of the Stiffness Characteristics of the Human Knee Joint
,”
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, Vol.
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20.
Inoue
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Treatment of the Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
,”
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, Vol.
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21.
Dunn
,
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and
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,”
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, Vol.
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22.
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and
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Noyes
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,
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Biomechanics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure: an Analysis of Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Mechanisms of Failure in Primates
,”
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Woo
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,
Gomez
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Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Ligament Substance from a Bone-Ligament-Bone Preparation
,”
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25.
Grood
,
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A Joint Coordinate System for the Clinical Description of Three-Dimensional Motions: Application to the Knee
,”
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, Vol.
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, No.
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26.
Rastegar
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,
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,
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, and
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,
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, “
Effect of Fixed Axes of Rotation on the Varus-Valgus and Torsional Load-Displacement Characteristics of the in-vitro Human Knee
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27.
Dorlot
,
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,
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,
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, “
Load Elongation Behavior of the Canine Anterior Cruciate Ligament
,”
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, Vol.
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, No.
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28.
Noyes
,
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and
Grood
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The Strength of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Humans and Rhesus Monkeys
,”
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29.
Hefzy
,
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Grood
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Sensitivity of Insertion Locations on Length Patterns of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibers
,”
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, No.
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,
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30.
Sidles
,
J. A.
,
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,
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,
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,
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, and
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, “
Ligament Length Relationships in the Moving Knee
,”
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31.
Edwards
,
R. G.
,
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,
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, and
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,
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,”
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, No.
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,
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, pp. 131–136.
32.
Lewis
,
J. L.
,
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,
W. D.
, and
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,
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, “
Description and Error Evaluation of an in vitro Knee Joint Testing System
,”
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
, Vol.
110
, No.
3
,
1988
, pp. 238–248.
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