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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods
By
GC Moran
GC Moran
1
PSE&G Research Corporation, Research and Testing Laboratory
,
Maplewood, NJ 07040
;
symposium cochairman and editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
P Labine
P Labine
2
Petrolite Corporation
,
St. Louis, MO 63119
;
symposium cochairman and editor
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-0471-5
ISBN:
978-0-8031-0471-6
No. of Pages:
525
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1986

Anaerobic (bacterial) corrosion is an important cause of failures of underground structures such as pipelines. Pipeline failures could be prevented if better methods for determining the presence and location of areas of bacterial corrosion existed. A technique was developed which permits the detection and recording of rapid potential fluctuations (noise) produced in a corroding metal. It is believed that this noise is mainly caused by the breaking of protective films on the metal surface. Anaerobic bacterial corrosion also produces a type of noise, probably due to the breaking of iron sulfide films.

Preliminary evidence indicates that detection and production of this noise on pipelines may offer promise in locating areas of microbial corrosion as well as other types of corrosion. Differences in the type of noise signal could enable differentiation between biological and nonbiological corrosion. Continuing studies should verify or reject these premises.

1.
Escalante
,
E.
, “
Introduction
” in
Underground Corrosion
, ASTM STP 741,
Escalante
E.
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1981
, pp. 1–2.
2.
Kühr
,
C. A.
von Wolzogen
H.
, “
Sulfate Reduction as the Cause of Corrosion of Iron Pipelines
,”
Water en Gas
, Vol.
7
, No.
26
,
1923
, p. 277.
3.
Booth
,
G. H.
, “
Sulphur Bacteria in Relation to Corrosion
,”
Journal of Applied Bacteria
, Vol.
27
, No.
1
,
1964
, pp. 174–181.
4.
Beijerinck
,
M. W.
, “
Spirillum desulfuricans as a Cause of Sulfate Reduction
,”
Zentral Bakteriologie
, Vol.
1
(ABT.2),
1985
, pp. 1–9, 49–59, 104–114.
5.
Stephenson
,
M.
and
Stickland
,
L. H.
, “
Hydrogenase: II: The Reduction of Sulfate to Sulfide by Molecular Hydrogen
,”
Biochemical Journal
, Vol.
25
,
1931
, pp. 215–220.
6.
von Wolzogen Kühr
,
C. A. H.
and
van der Vlugt
,
L. S.
, “
Graphitization of Cast Iron as an Electro-Biochemical Process in Anaerobic Soils
,”
Water
, Vol.
18
, No.
16
,
1934
, pp. 147–165.
7.
Costello
,
J. A.
, “
The Corrosion of Metals by Microorganisms: A Literature Survey
,”
International Biodeterioration Bulletin
, Vol.
5
,
1969
, pp. 101–118.
8.
Iverson
,
W. P.
, “
Corrosion of Iron
” in
Microbial Iron Metabolism
,
Neilands
J. B.
, Ed.,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1974
, pp. 476–517.
9.
Miller
,
J. D. A.
and
King
,
R. A.
, “
Biodeterioration of Metals
” in
Microbial Aspects of the Deterioration of Materials
,
Lovelock
D. W.
and
Gilbert
R. J.
, Eds.,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1975
, pp. 83–103.
10.
Miller
,
J. D. A.
, “
Metals
” in
Microbial-Biodeterioration
,
Rose
A. H.
, Ed.,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1981
, pp. 149–202.
11.
Booth
,
G. H.
,
Shinn
,
P. M.
, and
Wakerley
,
D. S.
, “
The Influence of Various Strains of Actively Growing Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on the Anaerobic Corrosion of Mild Steel
” in
Comptes Rendus du Congrés International de la corrosion marine et des salissures
,
Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes Oceanographies
,
Paris
,
1964
, pp. 363–371.
12.
Booth
,
G. H.
,
Cooper
,
D. W.
, and
Cooper
,
P. M.
, “
Rates of Microbial Corrosion in Continuous Culture
,”
Chemical Industry
, Vol. 86,
1967
, pp. 2084–2085.
13.
King
,
R. A.
,
Miller
,
J. D. A.
, and
Wakerley
,
D. S.
, “
Corrosion of Mild Steel in Cultures of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria; Effect of Changing the Soluble Iron Concentration During Growth
,”
British Corrosion Journal
, Vol.
8
,
1973
, pp. 89–93.
14.
Mara
,
D. A.
and
Williams
,
D. J. A.
, “
The Mechanism of Sulphide Corrosion by SulfateReducing Bacteria
” in
Biodeterioration of Materials
,
Walters
A. H.
and
Hueck van Der Plas
E. H.
, Eds., Vol.
2
,
Applied Science
,
London
,
1972
, pp. 103–113.
15.
King
,
R. A.
and
Miller
,
J. D. A.
, “
Corrosion by the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
,”
Nature
 0028-0836, Vol.
233
,
1971
, pp. 491–492.
16.
Costello
,
J. A.
, “
Cathodic Depolarization by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
,”
African Journal of Science
, Vol.
70
,
1974
, pp. 202–204.
17.
Iverson
,
W. P.
, “
Overview of the Anaerobic Corrosion of Underground Metallic Structures: Evidence for a New Mechanism
” in
Underground Corrosion
, ASTM STP 741,
Escalante
E.
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1981
, pp. 33–52.
18.
Iverson
,
W. P.
, “
Mechanism of Anaerobic Corrosion of Steel by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
,” paper 243, Corrosion '83, National Association of Corrosion Engineers 39th Annual Conference,
1983
.
19.
Iverson
,
W. P.
, “
Corrosion of Iron and Formation of Iron Phosphide by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
,”
Nature
 0028-0836, Vol.
217
,
1968
, pp. 1265–1267.
20.
Iverson
,
W. P.
and
Olson
,
G. J.
, “
Anaerobic Corrosion by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Due to a Highly Reactive Volatile Phosphorus Compound
” in
Microbial Corrosion, Proceedings
, Conference at the National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, England
,
The Metals Society
,
London
,
1983
, pp. 46–53.
21.
Iverson
,
W. P.
, “
Transient Voltage Changes Produced in Corroding Metals and Alloys
,”
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
 0013-4651, Vol.
115
,
1968
, pp. 617–618.
22.
Bertocci
,
U.
, “
Detection and Analysis of Electrochemical Noise for Corrosion Studies
” in
Proceedings
, 7th International Congress Metallic Corrosion,
Associacão Brasi lereira de Corrosão
,
Rio De Janeiro
,
1979
.
23.
Bertocci
,
U.
, “
Applications of a Low Noise Potentiostat in Electrochemical Measurements
,”
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
 0013-4651, Vol.
127
,
1980
, pp. 193–1934.
24.
Bertocci
,
U.
, “
Separation Between Deterministic Response and Random Fluctuations by Means of the Cross-Power Spectrum in the Study of Electrochemical Noise
,”
Journal of Electrochemical Society
 0013-4651, Vol.
128
,
1981
,, pp. 520–523.
25.
Bertocci
,
J.
and
Kruger
,
J.
, “
Studies of Passive Film Breakdown by Detection and Analysis of Electrochemical Noise
,”
Surface Science
 0039-6028, Vol.
101
,
1980
, pp. 608–618.
26.
Blanc
,
G.
,
Gabrielli
,
C.
, and
Keddam
,
M.
, “
Measurement of the Electrochemical Noise by a Cross Correlation Method
,”
Electrochemica Acta
 0013-4686, Vol.
20
,
1975
, pp. 687–689.
27.
Epelboin
,
I.
,
Gabrielli
,
C.
,
Keddam
,
M.
, and
Raillon
,
L.
, “
Measurement of the Power Spectral Density of Electrochemical Noise: Direct Two-Channel Method
,”
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
 0022-0728, Vol.
105
,
1979
, pp. 389–395.
28.
Hladky
,
K.
and
Dawson
,
J. L.
, “
The Measurement of Corrosion Using Electrochemical 1/f Noise
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
22
, No.
3
,
1982
, pp. 231–237.
29.
Okamoto
,
G.
,
Tachibana
,
K.
,
Nishiyama
,
S.
, and
Sugita
,
T.
, “
The Analysis of Passive Current Noise of Stainless Steels Under Potentiostatic Conditions With and Without Chloride Ions
” in
Passivity and its Breakdown on Iron and Iron Base Alloys
, USA/Japan Seminar,
Staehle
R. W.
and
Okada
H.
, Eds.,
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
,
Houston, TX
,
1976
, pp. 106–109.
30.
John
,
D. G.
,
Lomas
,
J. P.
,
Searson
,
P. C.
, and
Dawson
,
J. L.
, “
An Application of Novel Electrochemical Techniques to the On-Site Inspection of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Structures
” in Corrosion '84, 40th Annual Conference, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Corrosion Research Symposium, Extended Abstracts,
1984
, pp. 19–21.
31.
Iverson
,
W. P.
,
Microbial Corrosion
, Technical Summary Report No. 3,
National Bureau of Standards
, Report 10511,
1970
.
32.
Bertocci
,
U.
,
Mullen
,
J. L.
, and
Ye
,
Y-X
, “
Electrochemical Noise Measurements for the Study of Localized Corrosion and Passivity Breakdown
” in
Passivity of Metals and Semiconductors
,
Froment
M.
, Ed.,
Elsevier Science Publishers
,
Amsterdam
,
1983
, pp. 229–234.
33.
Wormwell
,
F.
and
Farrer
,
T. W.
, “
Protection of Steel in the Presence of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria
,”
Chemical Industry
,
1952
, pp. 973–974.
34.
Booth
,
G. H.
and
Tiller
,
A. K.
, “
Cathodic Characteristics of Mild Steel in Suspensions of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
8
,
1968
, pp. 583–600.
35.
Fischer
,
K. P.
, “
Cathodic Protection in Saline Mud Containing Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
,”
Materials Performance
,
10
1981
, pp. 41–46.
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