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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Microindentation Techniques in Materials Science and Engineering
By
PJ Blau
PJ Blau
1
National Bureau of Standards
,
Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
;
symposium cochairmen and editors
.
Search for other works by this author on:
BR Lawn
BR Lawn
1
National Bureau of Standards
,
Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
;
symposium cochairmen and editors
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-0441-3
ISBN:
978-0-8031-0441-9
No. of Pages:
311
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1985

The use of scratch tests to simulate the material removal mechanisms which occur during abrasion is reviewed. Although useful studies of the effect of the rake angle on material removal have been carried out using diamond tools, closer simulation of the mechanisms of material removal can be obtained using actual irregular individual abrasive particles as scratch tools.

Previous studies are reviewed in which scratch tests have been performed with both conventional scratch test instruments and a specially designed system used for in situ scratch tests in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Multiple-pass scratch tests over the same scratch path have been shown to create surface features and wear debris particles which are very similar to those produced by low-stress abrasion. Alumina (Al2O3) particles have been shown to produce continuous micromachining chips from the hard, brittle carbide phase of Stellite alloys, establishing direct cutting as the important mechanism of material removal for this type of abrasive. An in situ study of material removal from white cast irons by quartz particles has provided conclusive evidence that carbide removal does not occur by direct cutting but rather always involves microfracture.

Previously unpublished work which has compared scratch tests with crushed quartz and alumina particles is included. Also described is a new scratch test system which controls the depth of cut rather than the scratch load in order to simulate high-stress abrasion, in which abrasive particles are constrained to a fixed depth of cut. Preliminary new results show substantially different carbide fracture behavior under fixed-depth conditions.

1.
Sedriks
,
A. J.
and
Mulhearn
,
T. O.
, “
The Effect of Work-Hardening on the Mechanics of Cutting in Simulated Abrasive Processes
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
7
,
1964
, pp. 451-459.
2.
Murray
,
M. J.
,
Mutton
,
P. J.
, and
Watson
,
J. D.
, “
Abrasive Wear Mechanisms in Steels
,”
Proceedings of the International Conference on Wear of Materials
,
Dearborn, MI
, 16–18 April 1979,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
New York
,
1979
, pp. 257-265.
3.
Aghan
,
R. L.
and
Samuels
,
L. E.
, “
Mechanisms of Abrasive Polishing
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
16
,
1970
, pp. 293-301.
4.
Mulhearn
,
T. O.
and
Samuels
,
L. E.
, “
The Abrasion of Metals: A Model of the Process
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
5
,
1962
, pp. 478-498.
5.
Sedriks
,
A. J.
and
Mulhearn
,
T. O.
, “
Mechanics of Cutting and Rubbing in Simulated Abrasive Processes
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
6
,
1963
, pp. 457-466.
6.
Shetty
,
H. R.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
A Study of Abrasive Wear Mechanisms in Cobalt-Base Alloys
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
84
,
1983
, pp. 327-343.
7.
Shetty
,
H. R.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
A Study of Abrasive Wear Mechanisms Using Diamond and Alumina Scratch Tests
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
80
,
1982
, pp. 347-376.
8.
Shetty
,
H. R.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
A Scratch Test Study of the Effects of Abrasive Hardness and Particle Shape
,” report to
U.S. Department of Energy
, Washington, DC,
16
03
1983
.
9.
Prasad
,
S. V.
and
Kosel
,
T. H.
, “
A Study of Carbide Removal Mechanisms During Quartz Abrasion, I: In Situ Scratch Test Studies
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
92
,
1983
, pp. 253-268.
10.
Prasad
,
S. V.
and
Kosel
,
T. H.
, “
A Study of Carbide Removal Mechanisms During Quartz Abrasion, II: Effect of Abrasive Particle Shape
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
95
,
1984
, pp. 87-102.
11.
Rao
,
C. M.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
On a Deformation-Induced Phase Transformation During Abrasive Wear of Co-Base Alloys
,” Appendix 3, report to
U.S. Department of Energy
, Washington, DC, Contract No. DE-AC02-77ET 10460 Mod. A004,
24
02
1982
.
12.
Desai
,
V. M.
,
Rao
,
C. M.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
Effect of Carbide Size on the Abrasion of Co-Base Alloys
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
94
,
1984
, pp. 89-101.
13.
Kosel
,
T. H.
,
Fiore
,
N. F.
,
Coyle
,
J. P.
,
Udvardy
,
S. P.
, and
Konkel
,
W. A.
, “
Microstructure and Wear in High Alloys
” in
Proceedings of the Symposium on Corrosion-Erosion Behavior of Materials
,
Natesan
K.
, Ed.,
The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
,
Warrendale, PA
,
1980
, pp. 190-208.
14.
Fiore
,
N. F.
,
Coyle
,
J. P.
,
Udvardy
,
S. P.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Konkel
,
W. A.
, “
Abrasive Wear-Microstructure Interactions in a Ni-Cr White Iron
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
62
,
1980
, pp. 387-404.
15.
Fulcher
,
J. K.
,
Kosel
,
T. H.
, and
Fiore
,
N. F.
, “
The Effect of Carbide Volume Fraction on the Low-Stress Abrasion Resistance of High Cr-Mo White Cast Irons
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
84
,
1983
, pp. 313-325.
16.
Bates
,
T. R.
,
Ludema
,
K. C.
, and
Brainard
,
W. C.
, “
A Rheological Mechanism of Penetrative Wear
,”
Wear
 0043-1648, Vol.
30
,
1974
, pp. 365-375.
17.
Bates
,
T. R.
, “
The Influence of Eutectic Carbide Spacing on the Wear of White Iron
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Michigan
, Ann Arbor,
1975
.
18.
Prasad
,
S. V.
and
Kosel
,
T. H.
, “
The Design and Some of Applications of an In Situ SEM Scratch Tester
,”
Journal of Materials Science
 0022-2461, Vol.
3
,
1984
, pp. 133-136.
19.
Avery
,
H. S.
, “
An Analysis of the Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test
,”
Proceedings of the International Conference on Wear of Materials
,
San Francisco, CA
, 30 March–1 April 1981,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
New York
,
1981
, pp. 367-378.
20.
Prasad
,
S. V.
and
Kosel
,
T. H.
, “
A Comparison of Carbide Removal Mechanisms During Fixed-Depth and Fixed-Load Scratch Tests
,”
Proceedings of the International Conference on Wear of Materials
,
Vancouver, BC
, 14–18 April 1985,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
New York
, pp. 59-66.
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