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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Cracks and Fracture
By
JL Swedlow
JL Swedlow
1
Carnegie-Mellon University
,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
;
symposium co-chairman
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ML Williams
ML Williams
2
University of Pittsburgh
,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261
:
symposium co-chairman
.
Search for other works by this author on:
ISBN-10:
0-8031-0318-2
ISBN:
978-0-8031-0318-4
No. of Pages:
593
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1976

Due to the complexity of both geometry and stress distribution, the analysis of cracks in the transition region of nozzle-to-cylinder junctions, where local peak stresses promote crack extension, constitutes one of the most complicated problems in a fracture mechanics based design procedure as adopted in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Section III, Appendix G) for nuclear pressure vessels. Results of studies on this subject are scarce. This paper reviews results obtained in the last two years within a Netherlands cooperative research program mainly directed at the nozzle corner crack problem and covers both theoretical and experimental investigations. Significant conclusions from these studies are also presented.

1.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
, Section III, Appendix G,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
1974
.
2.
Hall
,
L. R.
and
Finger
,
R. W.
,
Proceedings
,
Air Force Conference on Fatigue and Fracture of Aircraft Structure and Materials
, AFFDL TR-70-144,
1970
, pp. 235-264.
3.
Broek
,
D.
,
Nederveen
,
A.
, and
Meulman
,
A.
, “
Applicability of Fracture Toughness Data to Surface Flaws and to Corner Cracks at Holes
,” Report NLR-TR-71033 U,
National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR
, Netherlands,
01
1971
.
4.
Liu
,
A. F.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
4
,
1972
, pp. 175-179.
5.
Hsu
,
T. M.
and
Liu
,
A. F.
, “
Stress Intensity Factors for Truncated Elliptical Cracks
,” paper presented at the
Seventh National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics
,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
08
1973
.
6.
McGowan
,
J. J.
and
Smith
,
C. W.
in
Mechanics of Crack Growth
, ASTM STP 590,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1976
, pp. 460-476.
7.
Yukawa
,
S.
, “
Evaluation of Periodic Proof Testing and Warm Prestressing Procedures for Nuclear Reactor Vessels
,” Heavy Section Steel Technology Progress Report HSSTP-TR-1,
General Electric Company
, Schenectady, N.Y.,
1969
.
8.
Pressure Vessel Research Committee Ad Hoc Group on Toughness Requirements
, “
PVRC Recommendations on Toughness Requirements for Ferritic Materials
,”
Welding Research Council Bulletin
 0043-2326, No.
175
,
08
1972
.
9.
Rashid
,
Y. R.
and
Gilman
,
J. D
,
Proceedings
,
First Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 2/6,
Berlin
,
09
1971
.
10.
Derby
,
R. W.
,
Experimental Mechanics
, Vol.
12
, No.
12
,
1972
.
11.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
, “
The Dutch Cooperative Research Program ‘BROS’—Fracture Analysis Research on Nozzle Intersections
,” Report MMPP-84,
Laboratory for Thermal Power and Nuclear Engineering, Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
12
1973
.
12.
Sumpter
,
J. D.G.
and
Turner
,
C. E.
, “
Fracture Analysis in Areas of High Nominal Strain
,”
Proceedings
,
Second International Conference on Pressure Vessel Technology
, Paper II-79,
San Antonio
,
1973
.
13.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
, “
Analysis of a Nozzle-Corner Crack Problem
,”
Second Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 4/7,
Berlin
09
1973
.
14.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
and
Spaas
,
H. A. C. M.
, “
Application of the Finite Element Technique to a Complex 3-D Elastic Problem (Nozzle Junction with Cracks)
,” Report MMPP-101,
Laboratory for Thermal Power and Nuclear Engineering, Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
08
1974
.
15.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
, “
Computation of Stress Intensity Factors for Nozzle Corner Cracks by Various Finite Element Procedures
,”
Proceedings
,
Third Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 4/6,
London
,
09
1975
.
16.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
and
Ruijtenbeek
,
M. G. V. D.
Fatigue Crack Extension in Nozzle Junctions—Comparison of ‘Analytical Approximations with Experimental Data
,”
Proceedings
,
Third Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 4/7,
London
,
09
1975
.
17.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
,
Maaren
,
W. V.
,
Ruijtenbeek
,
M. G. V. D.
, and
Spaas
,
H. A. C. M.
, “
Comparative Finite Element Studies of a Complicated 3-D Crack Problem with Emphasis on Cost Reduction
,” Report MMPP-127,
Laboratory for Nuclear Engineering, Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
1975
.
18.
Schrem
,
E.
and
Roy
,
J. R.
, “
An Automatic System for Kinematic Analysis, Part 1
,”
IUTAM Colloquium on High Speed Computing of Elastic Structures
,
University of Liège
, 23–28 Aug. 1970.
19.
Campen
,
D. H. van
, “
Some Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Pressure Vessel Analysis
,” Ph.D. thesis,
Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
05
1972
.
20.
Campen
,
D. H. van
and
Spaas
,
H. A. C. M.
,
Nuclear Engineering and Design
 0029-5493, Vol.
21
,
1972
, pp. 368-395.
21.
Chan
,
S. K.
,
Tuba
,
I. S.
, and
Wilson
,
W. K.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
2
,
1970
, pp. 1-17.
22.
Wilson
,
W. K.
in
Mechanics of Fracture—Part I
,
Sih
G. C.
, Ed.,
Noordhoff International
,
1973
, pp. 484-515.
23.
Tracey
,
D. M.
,
International Journal of Fracture Mechanics
 0376-9429, Vol.
9
,
1973
, pp. 340-343.
24.
Barsoum
,
R. S.
,
International Journal of Fracture Mechanics
 0376-9429, Vol.
10
, No.
4
,
1974
, pp. 603-605.
25.
Neale
,
B. K.
,
International Journal of Fracture Mechanics
 0376-9429, Vol.
11
, No.
1
,
1975
, pp. 177-178.
26.
Parks
,
D. M.
,
International Journal of Fracture Mechanics
 0376-9429, Vol.
10
, No.
4
,
12
1974
, pp. 487-502.
27.
Hellen
,
T. K.
and
Dowling
,
A. R.
,
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
 0308-0161, Vol.
3
, No.
1
,
1975
, pp. 57-74.
28.
Schmitt
,
W.
,
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
 0308-0161, Vol.
3
, No.
2
,
1975
.
29.
Reynen
,
J.
, “
Analysis of Cracked Pressure Vessel Nozzles by Finite Elements
,”
Proceedings
,
Third Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 5/1,
London
,
09
1975
.
30.
The Surface Crack—Physical Problems and Computational Solutions
,”
Swedlow
J. L.
, Ed., presented at the
Winter Meeting
,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
,
1972
.
31.
Broekhoven
,
M. J. G.
, “
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Crack Extension at Nozzle Junctions
,” Report MMPP-134,
Laboratory for Thermal Power and Nuclear Engineering, Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
10
1975
.
32.
Sommer
,
E.
and
Ratwani
,
R.
, “
Experimental Investigations of Part-Through Cracks in Plate and Thick-Walled Shells
,”
Proceedings
,
Second Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 4/3,
Berlin
,
09
1973
.
33.
James
,
L. A.
and
Anderson
,
W. E.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
1
, No.
3
,
1969
, p. 565.
34.
Pickett
,
A. G.
and
Grigory
,
S. C.
, “
Cyclic Pressure Tests of Full-Size Pressure Vessels
,”
Welding Research Council Bulletin
 0043-2326, No.
135
,
11
1968
.
35.
Miyazono
,
S.
and
Shibata
,
K.
, “
Crack Propagation Characteristics in the Nozzle Corners of a Pressure Vessel Steel Model of Light Water Reactor
,”
Proceedings
,
Third Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Conference
, Paper G 4/8,
London
,
1975
.
36.
Hartranft
,
R. J.
and
Sih
,
G. C.
in
Mechanics of Fracture—Part I
,
Sih
G. C.
, Ed.,
Noordhoff International
,
1973
, pp. 179-238.
37.
Benthem
,
J. P.
, “
Three-Dimensional State of Stress at the Vertex of a Quarter-Infinite Crack in a Half-Space
,” Report WTHD 74,
Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, Delft University of Technology
, Delft, The Netherlands,
09
1975
.
38.
Elber
,
W.
in
Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures
, ASTM STP 486,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1971
, pp. 230-242.
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