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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Interfaces in Composites
By
Committee D-30
Committee D-30
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ISBN-10:
0-8031-6188-3
ISBN:
978-0-8031-6188-7
No. of Pages:
197
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1969

Composites formed by unidirectional solidification of eutectic alloys usually exhibit a preferred crystallography of both phases and low-energy interfaces. Because of this, eutectic composites have been found to exhibit excellent microstructural stability and property retention after elevated temperature exposure. Some coarsening occurs at very high temperature without changing the basic aligned composite microstructure. The rate of coarsening is greater in finer microstructures and is related to the amount of interfacial area and the specific interfacial energy between phases.

1.
Paratt
,
N.
, “
Whisker Reinforced Plastics and Metals
,”
Chemical Engineering Progress
 0360-7275, Vol.
62
, No.
3
,
1966
, pp. 61-67.
2.
Calow
,
C.
and
Barclay
,
R.
, “
Observations on Whisker Stability in Metal Matrices
,”
Journal of Materials Science
 0022-2461, Vol.
2
,
1967
, pp. 404-406.
3.
Petrasek
,
D.
and
Weeton
,
J.
, “
Effects of Alloying on Room Temperature Tensile Properties of Tungsten-Fiber-Reinforced-Copper-Alloy Composites
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
230
,
1964
, pp. 977-990.
4.
Krieder
,
K.
, and
Leverant
,
G.
,
Final Report Contract
AF 33(615)-3209,
United Aircraft Research Laboratories
, East Hartford, Conn.,
08
1966
.
5.
Basche
,
M.
,
Fanti
,
R.
, and
Galasso
,
F.
, “
Preparation and Properties of Silicon Carbide-Coated Boron Filaments
,”
Fibre Science and Technology
 0015-0568, Vol.
1
,
1968
, p. 19.
6.
Lemkey
,
F. D.
,
Hertzberg
,
R. W.
, and
Ford
,
J. A.
, “
The Microstructure, Crystallography and Mechanical Behavior of Unidirectionally Solidified Al-Al3Ni Eutectic
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
233
,
1965
, pp. 334-41.
7.
Hertzberg
,
R. W.
,
Lemkey
,
F. D.
, and
Ford
,
J. A.
, “
Mechanical Behavior of Lamellar (Al-CuAl2) and Whisker Type (Al-Al3Ni) Unidirectionally-Solidified Eutectic Alloys
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
233
,
1965
, pp. 342-54.
8.
Salkind
,
M. J.
 et al
, “
Whisker Composites by Unidirectional Solidification
,”
Chemical Engineering Progress
 0360-7275, Vol.
62
, No.
3
,
1966
, pp. 52-60.
9.
Lemkey
,
F.
and
Salkind
,
M. J.
, “
The Growth and Properties of Carbide Whisker-Reinforced Refractory Metals From the Melt
,”
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
 0022-3697,
1967
, pp. 171-77.
10.
Hertzberg
,
R.
,
Fiber Composite Materials
,
American Society for Metals
,
Cleveland, Ohio
,
1965
, pp. 77-87.
11.
Salkind
,
M. J.
,
Lemkey
,
F.
, and
George
,
F.
, “
Whisker Composites by Eutectic Solidification
,”
Whisker Technology
,
Levitt
,
A.
, ed.,
Wiley
,
New York
.
12.
Kraft
,
R. W.
and
Albright
,
D. L.
, “
Microstructure of Unidirectioally Solidified Ae-CuAl2 Eutectic
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
221
,
1961
, pp. 95-102.
13.
Chadwick
,
G. A.
,
Progress in Materials Science
, Vol.
12
, No.
2
,
1963
.
14.
Hunt
,
J.
and
Chilton
,
J.
, “
An Investigation of the Lamella→Rod
,”
Journal of the Institute of Metals
 0020-2975, Vol.
91
,
63
1962
, p. 338.
15.
Cooksey
,
D.
 et al
, “
The Freezing of Some Continuous Binary Eutectic Mixtures
,”
The Philadelphia Magazine
, Vol.
10
,
1964
, p. 745.
16.
Straumanis
,
W.
and
Brakss
,
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
 0942-9352, Vol.
30B
,
1935
, p. 117.
17.
Kraft
,
R.
, “
Technique for Determining Orientation Relationships and Interfacial Planes in Polyphase Alloys: Application to Controlled Eutectic Specimen
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
221
,
1961
, pp. 704-710.
18.
Kraft
,
R.
, “
Crystallography of Equilibrium Phase Interfaces in Ae-CuAl2 Eutectic Alloys
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
224
,
1962
, pp. 65-75.
19.
Kraft
,
R.
, “
Crystallographic Substructure of Lamellar Al-CuAl2 Eutectic
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
224
,
1962
, pp. 1176-1184.
20.
Tice
,
W.
,
Lemkey
,
F.
, and
Salkind
,
M.
, “
Direct Observations of Phase Interfaces in the Eutectic Systems Al-Al3Ni by Transmission Electron Microscopy
,”
Journal of Metals
 0148-6608,
09
1965
, Abstract, p. 1039.
21.
Cooksey
,
D.
,
Day
,
M.
, and
Hellawell
,
A.
, “
The Control of Eutectic Microstructures
,”
Crystal Growth
,
Pergamon
,
New York
,
1967
, pp. 151-159.
22.
Tice
,
W.
,
Lasko
,
W.
, and
Lemkey
,
F.
, “
Electron Microscopy Applied to a Unidirectionally Solidified Al-Al3Ni Eutectic Alloy
,”
Fifty Years of Progress in Metallographic Techniques
, ASTM STP 430,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1968
, pp. 239-249.
23.
Weatherly
,
G.
, “
An Electron-Microscope Investigation of the Lamellar Ae-CuAl2 Eutectic
,”
Metal Science Journal
 0026-0681, Vol.
2
,
1968
, pp. 25-27.
24.
Kraft
,
R.
, “
The Structure of the Mg-Mg2Sn Eutectic
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
227
,
1963
, pp. 393-99.
25.
Liebmann
,
W. K.
, and
Miller
,
E. A.
, “
Preparation, Phase-Boundary Energies, and Thermoelectric Properties of INSb-Sb Eutectic Alloys with ordered micro-structures
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
34
,
1963
, pp. 2653-59.
26.
Shapiro
,
S.
and
Ford
,
J.
, “
Crystallography of Unidirectionally Solidified Ni-Ni3B Eutectic Alloy
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
236
,
1966
, pp. 536-42.
27.
Kraft
,
R.
,
Hogan
,
L.
, and
Lemkey
,
F.
, “
Crystallography of Controlled Eutectics
,”
Advances in Materials Research
, Vol.
3
,
Hermann
,
H.
, ed.,
Wiley
,
New York
.
28.
Salkind
,
M.
 et al
,
Final Report Contract NOw
66-0206-d,
United Aircraft Research Laboratories
, East Hartford, Conn.,
06
1967
.
29.
Salkind
,
M.
 et al
,
Final Report Contract NOw
64-0433-d,
United Aircraft Research Laboratories
, East Hartford, Conn.,
04
1965
.
30.
Bayles
,
B.
,
Ford
,
J.
, and
Salkind
,
M.
, “
The Effect of Elevated Temperature Exposure on the Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Al3Ni Whisker-Reinforced Aluminum
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
239
,
1967
, pp. 844-849.
31.
Salkind
,
M.
,
Leverant
,
G.
, and
George
F.
, “
Stability of Eutectic Composites Stressed at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Journal of the Institute of Metals
 0020-2975, Vol.
95
,
1967
, pp. 349-351.
32.
Kraft
,
R.
,
Albright
,
D.
, and
Ford
,
J.
, “
Anomalous Thermal Stability of Al-CuAl2 Eutectic Specimens
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
227
,
1963
, pp. 540-542.
33.
Graham
,
L.
and
Kraft
,
R.
, “
Coarsening of Eutectic Microstructures at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
236
,
1966
, pp. 94-102.
34.
Lemkey
,
F.
and
Salkind
,
M.
, “
The Growth and Properties of Carbide Whisker-Reinforced Refractory Metals From the Melt
,”
Crystal Growth
,
Pergamon
,
New York
,
1967
, pp. 171-177.
35.
Cline
,
H.
, “
The Mechanical Properties of the CoAl-Co Eutectic
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
239
,
1967
, pp. 1906-1916.
36.
Tiller
,
W.
,
Liquid Metals and Solidification
,
American Society for Metals
,
Cleveland, Ohio
,
1958
, p. 276.
37.
Zener
,
C.
, “
Kinetics of the Decomposition of Austenite
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
167
,
1946
, p. 550.
38.
Greenwood
,
G.
, “
The Growth of Dispersed Precipitates in Solutions
,”
Acta Metallurgica
 0001-6160, Vol.
4
,
1965
, pp. 243-48.
39.
Lifshitz
,
I.
and
Slyozov
,
V.
, “
The Kinetics of Precipitation from Supersaturated Solid Solutions
,”
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
 0022-3697, Vol.
19
,
1961
, p. 35.
40.
Wagner
,
C.
, “
Theorie der Alterung von Niederschlägen durch Umlösen (Optwald-Reifung)
,
Zeítschrift für Elektrochemie
 0372-8382, Vol.
65
.
1961
, pp. 581-91.
41.
Dromsky
,
J.
,
Lenel
,
F.
, and
Ansell
,
G.
, “
Growth of Aluminum Oxide Particles in Nickel Matrix
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
224
,
1962
, p. 236.
42.
Oriani
,
R.
, “
Ostwald Ripening of Precipitates in Solid Matrices
,”
Acta Metallurgica
 0001-6160, Vol.
12
,
1964
, pp. 1399-1409.
43.
Speich
,
G.
and
Oriani
,
R.
, “
The Rate of Coarsening of Copper Precipitate in an Alpha-Iron Matrix
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
233
,
1965
, pp. 623-31.
44.
Ostwald
,
W.
,
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
 0942-9352, Vol.
34
,
1900
, p. 495.
45.
Salkind
,
M.
 et al
,
Final Report Contract
NOw-65-0384d, AD 633241,
United Aircraft Research Laboratories
, East Hartford, Conn.,
05
1966
.
46.
Cratchley
,
D.
, “
Experimental Aspects of Fibre-Reinforced Metals
,”
Metallurgical Reviews
 0076-6690, Vol.
10
,
1965
, p. 133.
47.
Salkind
,
M.
,
George
,
F.
, and
Tice
,
W.
, “
Some Effects of Cold Rolling on the Microstructure and Properties of Al3Ni Whisker Reinforced Aluminum
,”
Transactions
, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol.
245
,
1969
, to be published.
48.
Thompson
,
E.
,
Summary of the Twelfth Meeting of the Refractory Composites Working Group
, AFML-TR-67-228,
Air Force Materials Laboratory
,
08
1967
, pp. 214-237.
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