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ASTM Selected Technical Papers
Fifty Years of Progress in Metallographic Techniques
By
Committee E-4
Committee E-4
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ISBN-10:
0-8031-6181-6
ISBN:
978-0-8031-6181-8
No. of Pages:
417
Publisher:
ASTM International
Publication date:
1968

New and established applications of the electron probe microanalyzer are reviewed. A dominant theme apparent in recent publications is the complementary use of information from other analytical techniques with compositional data from the electron probe microanalyzer. The established applications which include the analysis of precipitates and inclusions, phase identification, homogeneity determinations, and diffusion studies are discussed, with emphasis on recent work. The analysis of low atomic number elements, very small quantities of materials, and thin films along with the applications to semiconductor technology are the important new areas of application during the past three years. Another important trend in the application of the electron probe microanalyzer is the rise of auxiliary techniques. Thus cathodoluminescence, sample currents, and Kossel microdiffraction studies are becoming important adjuncts in the analysis of microvolumes.

1.
X-Ray and Electron Probe Analysis
, ASTM STP 349,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1964
.
2.
Heinrich
,
K. F. J.
, “
Scanning Electron Probe Microanalysis
,” Annual Meeting,
ASTM
,
Atlantic City, N.J.
,
06
1966
.
3.
Criss
,
J.
, “
Advances in Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis
,” Annual Meeting,
ASTM
,
Atlantic City, N.J.
,
06
1966
.
4.
Goldstein
,
J.
, and
Wood
,
F.
, “
Experimental Procedure for Trace Determination With the Electron Probe
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
5.
Ferguson
,
L. A.
, “
A Method for Trace Analysis with an Electron Microprobe
,” 14th Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis,
Denver, Colo.
,
08
1965
.
6.
Birks
,
L. S.
, “
Comparison of X-Ray Fluorescence and Electron Probe Methods: Future Trends
,”
X-Ray and Electron Probe Analysis
, ASTM STP 349,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1964
, p. 158.
7.
Seebold
,
R. E.
and
Birks
,
L. S.
, “
Identification of Precipitates in Diffusion Zones Using the Electron Probe Microanalyser
,”
Analytical Chemistry
 0003-2700, Vol.
34
,
1962
, p. 112.
8.
Heinrich
,
K. F. J.
, “
Bibliography on Electron Probe Microanalysis and Related Subjects
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, pp. 841–1030.
9.
Campbell
,
W. J.
and
Brown
,
J. D.
, “
X-Ray Absorption and Emission
,”
Analytical Chemistry
 0003-2700, Vol.
36
,
1964
, p. 312R.
10.
Campbell
,
W. J.
,
Brown
,
J. D.
, and
Thatcher
,
J. W.
, “
X-Ray Absorption and Emission
,”
Analytical Chemistry
 0003-2700, Vol.
38
,
1966
, p. 416R.
11.
McKinley
,
T. D.
,
Heinrich
,
K. F. J.
, and
Wittry
,
D. B.
, eds.,
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
.
12.
Kiessling
,
R.
,
Bergh
,
S.
, and
Lange
,
N.
, “
Analysis of Slag Inclusions in Plain Carbon Steels by the Electron Probe Microanalyser. Part I. Inclusions in Situ
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
200
,
1962
, p. 914.
13.
Kiessling
,
R.
,
Bergh
,
S.
, and
Lange
,
N.
, “
Analysis of Slag Inclusions in Plain Carbon Steels by the Electron Probe Microanalyser. Part II. Electrolytically Isolated Silicate Inclusions
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
201
,
1963
, p. 509.
14.
Kiessling
,
R.
and
Lange
,
N.
, “
Intergranular Brittleness of Cast Chromium-Nickel Steels
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
201
,
1963
, p. 761.
15.
Kiessling
,
R.
,
Bergh
,
S.
, and
Lange
,
N.
, “
Analysis of Slag Inclusions in Plain Carbon Steels by the Electron Probe Microanalyser. Part III. Sulphide Inclusions in Al-Si Deoxidized Steels
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
201
,
1963
, p. 965.
16.
Kiessling
,
R.
and
Westman
,
C.
, “
Sulphide Inclusions and Synthetic Sulphides of the (Mn, Me) S-Type
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
204
,
1966
, p. 377.
17.
Kiessling
,
R.
and
Lange
,
N.
, “
Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel
,”
Iron and Steel Institute
, London, Special Report 90,
1964
.
18.
Bradbury
,
B. T.
 et al
, “
Electron Probe Micro-Analysis of Irradiated UO2
,”
Journal of Nuclear Materials
 0022-3115, Vol.
17
,
1965
, p. 227.
19.
Dupuy
,
M.
,
Moreau
,
G.
, and
Calais
,
D.
, “
Microanalyseur à Sonde Electronique, Methode D'analyse D'échantillons à Base de Plutonium
,” Commissiariat a L'Energie Atomique “France,” Report CEA 2292,
1963
.
20.
Hakkila
,
E. A.
,
Waterbury
,
G. R.
, and
Metz
,
C. F.
, “
Electron Microprobe Examination of Delta-stabilized Plutonium
,”
University of California
,
Los Alamos, N. Mex., LA-3125
,
1964
.
21.
Duncumb
,
P.
, “
Precipitation Studies With EMMA-a Combined Electron Microscope and X-ray Microanalyser
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 490.
22.
White
,
E. W.
,
Denny
,
P. J.
, and
Irving
,
S. M.
, “
Quantitative Microprobe Analysis of Microcrystalline Powders
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 791.
23.
Wood
,
J. D.
and
Conard
G. P.
, II
, “
Electron Microprobe Determination of Cobalt-Dysprosium Compounds
,”
Rare Earth Research II
,
Gordon and Bauch
,
New York
,
1964
, p. 209.
24.
Smith
,
J. V.
, “
X-Ray-Emission Microanalysis of Rock-Forming Minerals, I. Experimental Techniques
,”
Journal of Geology
, Vol.
73
,
1965
, p. 830.
25.
Smith
,
J. V.
, “
X-Ray Emission Microanalysis of Rock-Forming Minerals. II. Olivines
,”
Journal of Geology
, Vol.
74
,
1966
, p. 1.
26.
Smith
,
I. V.
and
Ribbe
,
P. H.
, “
X-ray-Emission Microanalysis of Rock-forming Minerals. III. Alkali Feldspars
,”
Journal of Geology
, Vol.
74
,
1966
, p. 197.
27.
Ribbe
,
P. H.
and
Smith
,
J. V.
, “
X-ray Emission Microanalysis of Rock-forming Minerals. IV. Plagioclase Feldspars
,”
Journal of Geology
, Vol.
74
,
1966
, p. 217.
28.
Michaelis
,
R. E.
,
Yakowitz
,
H.
, and
Moore
,
G. A.
, “
Metallographic Characterization of an NBS Spectrometric Low-Alloy Steel Standard
,”
Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards
 0160-1741, Vol.
68A
,
1964
, p. 343.
29.
Hanneman
,
R. E.
,
Ogilvie
,
R. E.
, and
Gatos
,
H. C.
, “
Effect of High Pressure on the Fe-V System. Part II: Chemical Interdiffusion
,”
Transactions, Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
 0096-4778, Vol.
233
,
1965
, p. 691.
30.
Hoff
,
W. D.
and
Gregory
,
B.
, “
Computer Determination of Elemental Diffusion Constants from Electron-Microprobe Data
,”
Metallurgia
, Vol.
72
,
1965
, p. 99.
31.
Heinrich
,
K. F. J.
, “
Electron Probe Analysis in Metallurgical Research
,” ASTM STP 349,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1964
, p. 171.
32.
Hanneman
,
R. E.
,
Ogilvie
,
R. E.
, and
Gatos
,
H. C.
, “
Effect of High Pressure on the Fe-V System. Part I: Phase Stability Under Pressure
,”
Transactions, Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
 0096-4778, Vol.
233
,
1965
, p. 634.
33.
Baun
,
W. L.
and
Fischer
,
D. W.
, “
The Effect of Chemical Combination on K X-ray Emission Spectra from Magnesium, Aluminum and Silicon
,” Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Technial Report. AFML-TR-64-350,
12
1964
.
34.
Macres
,
V. G.
and
Preston
,
O.
, “
Electron Microprobe Analysis at Elevated Temperatures
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
35.
Miller
,
E. L.
and
Wittry
,
D. B.
, “
Temperature Controlled Stage for Electron Probe Microanalysers
,”
Review of Scientific Instruments
 0034-6748, Vol.
37
,
1966
, p. 115.
36.
Manzione
,
A. V.
and
Fornwalt
,
D. E.
, “
The Application of the Electron Microprobe to the Identification and Quantitative Determination of Carbon
,”
Norelco Reporter
, Vol.
12
,
1965
, p. 3.
37.
Mostel
,
J. F.
,
Ong
,
P. S.
, and
Crean
,
P.
, “
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Low Concentration of Carbon in Steels
,” Fourth National Meeting,
Society for Applied Spectroscopy
,
Denver, Colo.
,
1965
.
38.
Andersen
,
C. A.
,
Keil
,
K.
, and
Mason
,
B.
, “
Silicon Oxynitride: A Meteoritic Mineral
,”
Science
 0036-8075, Vol.
146
,
1964
, p. 256.
39.
Keil
,
K.
and
Andersen
,
C. A.
, “
Electron Microprobe Study of the Jajh deh Kot Lalu Enstatite Chondrite
,”
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
 0016-7037, Vol.
29
,
1965
, p. 621.
40.
Henke
,
B. L.
,
White
R.
, and
Lundberg
,
B.
, “
Semiempirical Determination of Mass Absorption Coefficients for the 5-50 Angstrom X-ray Region
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
28
,
1957
, p. 98.
41.
Green
,
M.
, “
The Target Absorption Correction in X-ray Microanalysis
,”
X-ray Optics and X-ray Microanalysis
,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1963
, p. 361.
42.
Keil
,
K.
, and
Andersen
,
C. A.
, “
Occurrences of Sinoite, Si2N2O, in Meteorites
,”
Nature
 0028-0836, Vol.
207
,
1965
, p. 745.
43.
Tousimis
,
A. J.
,
Bradley
,
W. H.
, and
Visser
,
R. W.
, “
Analysis for Elements from Solutions with the Electron Probe
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
44.
Hutchins
,
G. A.
, “
Thickness Determination of Thin Films by Electron Probe Microanalysis
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 390.
45.
Fuchs
,
E.
, “
X-ray Spectrometer Attachment for Elmiskop I. Electron Microscope
,”
Review of Scientific Instruments
 0034-6748, Vol.
37
,
1966
, p. 623.
46.
Reichard
,
T. E.
and
Coakley
,
W. S.
, “
Preparation of Nonmetallurgical Specimens for Electron Probe Microanalysis
,”
Analytical Chemistry
 0003-2700, Vol.
37
,
1965
, p. 316.
47.
Wood
,
G. C.
and
Whittle
,
D. P.
, “
A Preliminary Study of the Scaling Behaviour of Iron-Chromium Alloys Rich in Chromium Using Electronprobe Micronanalysis
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
202
,
1964
, p. 979.
48.
Wood
,
G. C.
and
Whittle
,
D. P.
, “
On the Mechanism of Oxidation of Iron-16.4% Chromium at High Temperature
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
4
,
1964
, p. 263.
49.
Wood
,
G. C.
and
Whittle
,
D. P.
, “
The Unusual Scaling Behaviour of Iron-22.8% Chromium in Air at 1100° C
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
4
,
1964
, p. 293.
50.
Ross
,
T. K.
, “
The Distribution of Sulphur in Corrosion Products Formed by Sulphur Dioxide on Mild Steel
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
5
,
1965
, p. 327.
51.
Nealey
,
C. C.
, “
Electron Probe Microanalysis of the Gold-Aluminum Binary System Using Computer Correction Techniques
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
52.
Nealey
,
C. C.
,
Laakso
,
C. W.
, and
Hagon
,
P. J.
, “
Planer Silicon Device Analyses With the Electron Probe Microanalyzer
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 748.
53.
Colby
,
J.
and
Wise
,
W. N.
, “
Electron Microprobe Studies of Dilute Uranium Base Alloys
,” U.S. Atomic Energy Commission NLCO 914,
1964
.
54.
Long
,
J. V. P.
and
Agrell
,
S. O.
, “
The Cathodoluminescence of Minerals in Thin Section
,”
Mineralogical Magazine
 0026-461X, Vol.
34
,
1965
, p. 318.
55.
Smith
,
I. B.
and
Stenstrom
,
R. C.
, “
Electron Excited Luminescence as a Petrologic Tool
,”
Journal of Geology
, Vol.
73
,
1965
, p. 627.
56.
Wittry
,
D. B.
and
Kyser
,
D. F.
, “
Use of Electron Probes in the Study of Recombination Radiation
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
35
,
1964
, p. 2439.
57.
Wittry
,
D. B.
and
Kyser
,
D. F.
, “
Cathodoluminescence at p-n Junctions in GaAs
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
36
,
1965
, p. 1387.
58.
Kyser
,
D. F.
and
Wittry
,
D. B.
, “
Cathodoluminescence in Gallium Arsenide
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 691.
59.
Wittry
,
D. B.
, “
The Voltage Dependence of Cathodoluminescence in Semiconductors
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
60.
Weinryb
,
E.
, “
Etude de la Retrodiffusion entre 5 et 35 kev. Application a la Formation D'images Electronique a l'aide du Microanalyseur a Sonde Electronique
,” Doctoral thesis,
University of Paris
,
01
1965
.
61.
Weinryb
,
E.
and
Philibert
,
J.
, “
Mesure du Coefficient de retrodiffusion des electrons de 5 a 30 kev
,”
Comptes Rendus
,
Academie des Sciences
,
Paris
, Vol.
258
,
1964
, p. 4535.
62.
Burkhalter
,
P. G.
, “
Measurement of Backscattered Electrons in an Electron Probe Microanalyzer
,” U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation 6681,
1965
, 22 pp.
63.
Philibert
,
J.
and
Weinryb
,
E.
, “
The Use of Specimen Current in Electron Probe Microanalysis
,”
X-Ray Optics and X-Ray Microanalysis
,
Academic Press
,
New York
,
1963
, p. 451.
64.
Heinrich
,
K. F. J.
, “
Interrelationships of Sample Composition, Backscatter Coefficient, and Target Current Measurement
,”
Advances in X-Ray Analysis
 0376-0308, Vol.
7
,
1964
, p. 325.
65.
Colby
,
J. W.
, “
Microprobe Analysis of Binary Systems Containing Uranium
,”
Advances in X-Ray Analysis
 0376-0308, Vol.
8
,
1965
, p. 352.
66.
Colby
,
J. W.
, “
The Applicability of Theoretically Calculated Intensity Corrections in Microprobe Analysis
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 95.
67.
Davidson
,
E.
and
Neuhaus
,
H.
, “
Sample Image Displays for Qualitative Microprobe Analysis
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
68.
Dorsey
,
J. R.
, “
Scanning Electron Probe Measurement of Magnetic Fields
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
69.
Veith
,
D. L.
and
Yakowitz
,
H.
, “
Design Considerations for a Kossel Microdiffraction Camera
,”
Review of Scientific Instruments
 0034-6748, Vol.
37
,
1966
, p. 206.
70.
Gielen
,
P.
, et al
, “
Evaluation of Kossel Microdiffraction Procedures: The Cubic Case
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
36
,
1965
, p. 773.
71.
Yakowitz
,
H.
, “
Precision of Cubic Lattice Parameter Measurements by the Kossel Technique
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 417.
72.
Hanneman
,
R. E.
,
Ogilvie
,
R. E.
, and
Modrzejewski
,
A.
, “
Kossel Line Studies of Irradiated Nickel Crystals
,”
Journal of Applied Physics
 0021-8979, Vol.
33
,
1962
, p. 1429.
73.
Morris
,
W. G.
, “
Crystal Orientation and Lattice Constants from Kossel Lines
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
74.
Moudy
,
L. A.
and
Laakso
,
C. W.
, “
Orientation and Lattice Parameter Determination of Electronic Materials by X-ray Divergent Beam Photography
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
75.
Zeitz
,
L.
and
Andersen
,
C. A.
, “
A Study of the Accuracy of the Determination of Zinc Content in Rat Prostate Sections by X-Ray Microprobe Analysis
,” First National Conference on Electron Probe Microanalysis,
College Park, Md.
,
05
1966
.
76.
Boniszewski
,
T.
and
Boniszewski
,
E.
, “
Inclusions in 18% Ni-Co-Mo Maraging Steel
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
204
,
1965
, p. 360.
77.
Philibert
,
J.
,
Weinryb
,
E.
, and
Ancey
,
M.
, “
A Quantitative Study of Dendritic Segregation in Iron-Base Alloys with The Electron Probe Microanalyser
,”
Metallurgia
, Vol.
72
,
1965
, p. 203.
78.
Pope
,
D.
, and
Moss
,
R. L.
, “
The Effect of Iron Inclusions on the Sulphiding of Silver Foil
,”
Corrosion Science
 0010-938X, Vol.
5
,
1965
, p. 773.
79.
Ridal
,
K. A.
,
Jones
,
T. K.
, and
Cummins
,
R.
, “
The Electron-probe Microanalysis of Oxide Inclusions in Steel
,”
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol.
203
,
1965
, p. 996.
80.
Fleetwood
,
M. J.
,
Higginson
,
G. M.
, and
Miller
,
G. P.
, “
The Identification of Precipitates in Maraging Steels by Electron Microscopy and Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis
,”
British Journal of Applied Physics
 0508-3443, Vol.
16
,
1965
, p. 645.
81.
Tousimis
,
A. J.
, “
Applications of the Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyser in Biology and Medicine
,”
American Journal of Medical Electronics
 0096-5286, Vol.
5
,
1966
, p. 15.
82.
Hall
,
T. A.
,
Hale
,
A. J.
, and
Switsur
,
V. R.
, “
Some Applications of Microprobe Analysis in Biology and Medicine
,”
The Electron Microprobe
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1966
, p. 805.
83.
Forbes
,
R. B.
and
Banno
,
S.
, “
Nickel-Iron Content of Peridotite Inclusion and Cognate Olivine from an Alkali-Olivine Basalt
,”
American Mineralogist
 0003-004X, Vol.
51
,
1966
, p. 130.
84.
Binns
,
R. A.
, “
The Mineralogy of Metamorphosed Basic Rocks from the Willyama Complex, Broken Hill District, New South Wales. Part II. Pyroxenes, Garnets, Plagioclases, and Opaque Oxides
,”
Mineralogical Magazine
 0026-461X, Vol.
35
,
1965
, p. 561.
85.
Wilson
,
R. N.
and
Forsyth
,
P. I. E.
, “
Effects of Additions of 1% Iron and 1% Nickel on the Age-Hardening of an Aluminum-2.5% Copper-1.2% Magnesium Alloy
,”
Journal, Institute of Metals
 0020-2975, Vol.
94
,
1966
, p. 8.
86.
Keil
,
K.
and
Fredricksson
,
K.
, “
The Iron, Magnesium, and Calcium Distribution in Coexisting Olivines and Rhombic Pyroxenes of Chondrites
,”
Journal of Geophysical Research
 0148-0227, Vol.
69
,
1964
, p. 3487.
87.
Wright
,
I. B.
and
Lovering
,
J. F.
, “
Electron Probe Microanalysis of the Irontitanium Oxides in Some New Zealand Iron Sands
,”
Mineralogical Magazine
 0026-461X, Vol.
35
,
1965
, p. 604.
88.
Terziev
,
G.
, “
Kostovite, A Gold-Copper Telluride from Bulgaria
,”
American Mineralogist
 0003-004X, Vol.
51
,
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