In this study, epoxy resin was microencapsulated through in situ polymerization in an oil-in-water emulsion, and amine was loaded into etched glass bubbles (GBs) as a curing agent for the microencapsulated epoxy resin. The purpose was to develop a two-component-self-healing system. The two healing agent carriers were co-incorporated in the epoxy matrix to form novel epoxy composites for tribological applications. The tribological results clearly showed that an increase in healing agent carrier content significantly decreased the friction and wear of the epoxy composites tested against a 6 mm steel ball under different normal loads. This was due to the self-lubricating and self-healing of the composites with released core liquids via the rupture of healing agent carriers during the wear test. It could be concluded that the co-incorporation of two healing agent carriers was a potential way to achieve a significant improvement in the tribological properties of epoxy matrix composites.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
Mechanical properties of materials
References
References
1.
Ajayan
, P. M.
Schadler
, L. S.
Giannaris
, C.
Rubio
, A.
2000
, “Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Strength and Weakness
,” Adv. Mater.
, 12
(10
), pp. 750
–753
.10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200005)12:10<750::AID-ADMA750>3.0.CO;2-62.
Thostenson
, E. T.
Ren
, Z.
Chou
, T. W.
2001
, “Advances in Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites: A Review
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 61
(13
), pp. 1899
–1912
.10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-X3.
Anderson
, J. C.
1982
, “Wear of Commercially Available Plastic Materials
,” Tribol. Int.
, 15
(5
), pp. 255
–263
.10.1016/0301-679X(82)90079-24.
Bahadur
, S.
Gong
, D.
1992
, “The Action of Fillers in the Modification of the Tribological Behavior of Polymers
,” Wear
, 158
(1–2
), pp. 41
–59
.10.1016/0043-1648(92)90029-85.
Zhang
, Z. Z.
Liu
, W. M.
Xue
, Q. J.
2001
, “Effects of Various Kinds of Fillers on the Tribological Behavior of Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Under Dry and Oil-Lubricated Conditions
,” J. Appl. Poly. Sci.
, 80
(11
), pp. 1891
–1897
.10.1002/app.12866.
Wan
, Y. Z.
Luo
, H. L.
Wang
, V. L.
Huang
, V.
Li
, Q. V.
Zhou
, F. G.
Chen
, G. C.
2005
, “Friction and Wear Behavior of Three-Dimensional Braided Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Under Lubricated Sliding Conditions
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 40
(17
), pp. 4475
–4481
.10.1007/s10853-005-1171-07.
Khun
, N. W.
Zhang
, H.
Yue
, C. Y.
Yang
, J. L.
2014
, “Self Lubricating and Wear Resistant Epoxy Composites Incorporated With Microcapsulated Wax
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 81
(7
), p. 071004
.10.1115/1.40269418.
Khun
, N. W.
Zhang
, H.
Tang
, X. Z.
Yue
, C. Y.
Yang
, J. L.
2014
, “Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Tribomaterials Self-Lubricated by Wax Containing Microcapsules
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 81
(12
), p. 121004
.10.1115/1.40287529.
Khun
, N. W.
Zhang
, H.
Liu
, E.
Yang
, J. L.
2013
, “Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Matrix Composites Modified With Microencapsulated Mixture of Wax Lubricant and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
,” Friction
, 1
(4
), pp. 341
–349
.10.1007/s40544-013-0028-910.
White
, S. R.
Sottos
, N. R.
Geubelle
, P. H.
Moore
, J. S.
Kessler
, M. R.
Sriram
, S. R.
Brown
, E. N.
Viswanathan
, S.
2001
, “Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites
,” Nature
, 409
(6822
), pp. 794
–797
.10.1038/3505723211.
Wu
, D. Y.
Meure
, S.
Solomon
, D.
2008
, “Self-Healing Polymeric Materials: A Review of Recent Developments
,” Prog. Polym. Sci.
, 33
(5
), pp. 479
–522
.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.02.00112.
Wool
, R. P.
2008
, “Self-Healing Materials: A Review
,” Soft Matter
, 4
(3
), pp. 400
–418
.10.1039/b711716g13.
Blaiszik
, B. J.
2010
, “Self-Healing Polymers and Composites
,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.
, 40
(1
), pp. 179
–211
.10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-10453214.
Keller
, M. W.
Hampton
, K.
McLaury
, B.
2013
, “Self-Healing of Erosion Damage in a Polymer Coating
,” Wear
, 307
(1–2
), pp. 218
–225
.10.1016/j.wear.2013.09.00515.
Khun
, N. W.
Sun
, D. W.
Huang
, M. X.
Yang
, J. L.
Yue
, C. Y.
2014
, “Wear Resistant Epoxy Composites With Diisocyanate-Based Self-Healing Functionality
,” Wear
, 313
(1–2
), pp. 19
–28
.10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.01116.
Zhang
, H.
Yang
, J. L.
2013
, “Etched Glass Bubbles as Robust Micro-Containers for Self-Healing Materials
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 1
(41), pp. 12715
–12720
.10.1039/C3TA13227G17.
Zhang
, H.
Yang
, J. L.
2014
, “Development of Self-Healing Polymers Via Amine–Epoxy Chemistry: I. Properties of Healing Agent Carriers and Modelling of Two-Part Self-Healing System
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 23
(6
), p. 065003
.10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/06500318.
Zhang
, H.
Yang
, J. L.
2014
, “Development of Self-Healing Polymers Via Amine–Epoxy Chemistry: II. Systematic Evaluation of Self-Healing Performance
,” Smart Mater. Struct.
, 23
(6
), p. 065004
.10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/06500419.
Zhang
, H.
Wang
, P. F.
Yang
, J. L.
2014
, “Self-Healing Epoxy Via Epoxy-Amine Chemistry in Dual Hollow Glass Bubbles
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 94
, pp. 23
–29
.10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.01.00920.
Oliver
, W. C.
Pharr
, G. M.
1992
, “An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 7
(6
), pp. 1564
–1583
.10.1557/JMR.1992.156421.
Yang
, J. L.
Keller
, M. W.
Moore
, J. S.
White
, S. R.
Sottos
, N. R.
2008
, “Microencapsulation of Isocyanates for Self-Healing Polymers
,” Macromolecules
, 41
(24
), pp. 9650
–9655
.10.1021/ma801718v22.
Clerico
, M.
Patierno
, V.
1979
, “Sliding Wear of Polymeric Composites
,” Wear
, 53
(2
), pp. 279
–301
.10.1016/0043-1648(79)90083-823.
Blau
, P. J.
1996
, Friction Science and Technology
, Marcel Dekker
, New York
.24.
Bhushan
, B.
1996
, Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Device
, 2nd ed.
, Springer-Verlag
, New York
.25.
Guo
, Q. B.
Lau
, K. T.
Zheng
, B. F.
Rong
, M. Z.
Zhang
, M. Q.
2009
, “Imparting Ultra-Low Friction and Wear Rate to Epoxy by the Incorporation of Microencapsulated Lubricant?
,” Macromol. Mater. Eng.
, 294
(1
), pp. 20
–24
.10.1002/mame.20080025726.
Chen
, W. X.
Li
, B.
Han
, G.
Wang
, L. Y.
Tu
, J. P.
Xu
, Z. D.
2003
, “Tribological Behavior of Carbon-Nanotube Filled PTFE Composites
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 15
(3
), pp. 275
–278
.10.1023/A:102486930525927.
Zhang
, L. C.
Zarudi
, I.
Xiao
, K. Q.
2006
, “Novel Behavior of Friction and Wear of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes
,” Wear
, 261
(7–8
), pp. 806
–811
.10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.03328.
Li
, C.
Chou
, T. W.
2003
, “Elastic Moduli of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and the Effect of Van der Waals Forces
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 63
(11
), pp. 1517
–1524
.10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00072-129.
Svahn
, F.
Rudolphi
, A. K.
Wallen
, E.
2003
, “The Influence of Surface Roughness on Friction and Wear of Machine Element Coatings
,” Wear
, 254
(11
), pp. 1092
–1098
.10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00341-730.
Menezes
, P. L.
Kishore
Kailas
, S. V.
2009
, “Influence of Surface Texture and Roughness Parameters on Friction and Transfer Layer Formation During Sliding of Aluminium Pin on Steel Plate
,” Wear
, 267
(9–10
), pp. 1534
–1549
.10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.00331.
Barrett
, T. S.
Stachowiak
, G. W.
Batchelor
, A. W.
1992
, “Effect of Roughness and Sliding Speed on the Wear and Friction of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
,” Wear
, 153
(2
), pp. 331
–350
.10.1016/0043-1648(92)90174-732.
Thorp
, J. M.
1982
, “Abrasive Wear of Some Commercial Polymers
,” Tribol. Int.
, 15
(2
), pp. 59
–68
.10.1016/0301-679X(82)90054-833.
Myshkin
, N. K.
Petrokovets
, M. I.
Kovalev
, A. V.
2005
, “Tribology of Polymers: Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Mass-Transfer
,” Tribol. Int.
, 38
(11
), pp. 910
–921
.10.1016/j.triboint.2005.07.01634.
Bahadur
, S.
2000
, “The Development of Transfer Layers and Their Role in Polymer Tribology
,” Wear
, 245
(1–2
), pp. 92
–99
.10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00469-535.
Durand
, J. M.
Vardavoulias
, M.
Jeandin
, M.
1995
, “Role of Reinforcing Ceramic Particles in the Wear Behaviour of Polymer-Based Model Composites
,” Wear
, 181–183
(2
), pp. 833
–839
.10.1016/0043-1648(95)90203-136.
Wang
, Y.
Lim
, S.
Luo
, J. L.
Xu
, Z. H.
2006
, “Tribological and Corrosion Behaviors of Al2O3/Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings
,” Wear
, 260
(9–10
), pp. 976
–983
.10.1016/j.wear.2005.06.013Copyright © 2015 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
