Human Annulus Fibrosus Lamellae Generate Significant Multi-Axial Forces and Moments in Biaxial Extension

Low back pain is a widespread public health issue affecting about 75% of Americans in their lifetime [1]. In many individuals, the origin remains unknown in spite of decades of research. However, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration has been theorized as a major precursor to nonspecific low back pain [2,3].