Vacuum Enhanced Heat Transfer Through Mammalian Radiator Structures

Most mammals, including humans, maintain relatively constant internal temperatures despite changes in ambient conditions and fluctuations in internal heat production. To achieve this end, an individual must be able to: 1) protect the internal milieu from external thermal challenges and 2) dissipate excess internally produced heat. Heat is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism and is lost to the environment across the body surface. The thermoregulatory challenge is to dissipate excess internally produced heat despite the insulation layers that protect the internal milieu from external thermal influences.