3D Finite Strains in Bovine Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Available to Purchase

Intervertebral disc tissue consists of a fluid-filled extra-cellular matrix, in which living cells are sparsely dispersed. The mechanical function is highly dependent on the composition of the extra-cellular matrix, which primary consists of collagen fibrils and negatively charged proteoglycans. Due to the fixed charges of the proteoglycans (PG’s), the cation concentration inside the tissue is higher than physiological. This excess of ion particles leads to an osmotic pressure difference, which causes swelling of the tissue [1]. Because the intervertebral disc is gripped between two vertebrae, the swelling is constrained in vivo, resulting in a intradiscal pressure of 0.1 to 0.2 MPa in supine position. It has been shown that the osmotic pressure inside cartilaginous tissues is much higher than would be expected based on its FCD [2]. This is because part of the water in the tissue is absorbed by the collagen fibers. The proteoglycan molecules, because of their large size, are excluded from this intra-fibrillar space. This means that their effective concentrations are much higher in the extra-fibrillar space than if they were distributed uniformly throughout the entire matrix. Hence, the effective fixed charge density is higher than if computed from total tissue water content. A recent study demonstrates that intrafibrillar water increases osmolarity within the annulus fibrosus substantially [3]. On the other hand, Wognum et al. [4] showed by means of a physical and a numerical model of the disc that high osmolarity within the disc has a protective effect against crack propagation within the disc. Hence, the decrease in osmolarity associated with degeneration may be an explanation of (1) the growing number of cracks observed in the degenerating disc as well as (2) the poor correlation between external loading and crack propagation [5]. The purpose of the present study is to test the hypothesis of Wognum et al. [4] through direct observation of the deformation of annulus fibrosus tissue around discontinuities within its collagen network.