Real Time Techniques for Nonlinear Tissue Deformation in Surgical Simulation Available to Purchase

The requirement of real time performance, crucial to multimodal surgical simulations, imposes severe demands in terms of computational efficiency. A physics-based meshfree computational technique known as the Point-Associated Finite Field (PAFF) approach has been developed to circumvent many outstanding problems associated with traditional mesh-based computational schemes and has been applied in this paper to the modeling of geometrically nonlinear tissue deformations. The technique is based on a novel combination of multiresolution approach coupled with a fast reanalysis scheme in which the response predicted by an underlying linear PAFF model is enhanced in the local neighborhood of the surgical tool-tip by a nonlinear model. We present performance comparisons of PAFF with traditional finite element models.