Stability Design Criteria for Above-Ground Unrestrained Pipeline Anchors and Line-Stops, Considering Frictional Forces Caused by Thermal Expansion and Weight of Pipeline Available to Purchase

Pipeline anchors and line stops are essential elements for design and construction of a pipeline system. Anchors limit and isolate the thermal growth of the pipeline and control as well as guide it in favorable directions. Steel piles are often used to serve as anchors. Designing of anchors should include a combination of reactions between pipe to shoe-anchor, shoe-anchor to steel pile and steel pile to soil as well as stability consideration of soil at the location where anchor is applied. Many factors have to be considered in the engineering design of pipeline anchors and line stops, including loads, displacements and maximum allowable forces. Industrial-wise, expansion growth and frictional forces for above-ground pipelines have to account for the basic design conditions as well as bending and possible elastic instability of the pipe and its anchors due to the longitudinal compressive forces. Stress calculation formulas for anchors tend to consider the ambient to design temperature as the design criteria for thermal loads, however due to the complexity of reactions between static-dynamic frictional forces and thermal expansion forces, anchors may be subjected to higher loading in lower temperature than design temperature. This effect can be crucial to the stability of anchors during commissioning. This paper considers and establishes the stability design criteria due to temperature for anchors and associated components subjected to thermal and frictional forces.