Abstract
In contemporary biomedical innovation, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been pivotal since the 1980s, crafting complex structures for bioengineering, biomedicine, and pharmacology [1]. Particularly in pharmacology, AM, notably through Stereolithography (SLA), has transformed drug delivery, enhanced dosage precision and advancing personalized therapies [2]. In tissue engineering, AM is crucial for bioprinting scaffolds and tissue constructs using bio-inks to mimic human tissues, facilitating significant advances in medical treatments [3]. (i) Key techniques include SLA achieving 30-micrometer resolution [4–6], Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an evolving drug delivery technique [9], and Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 70% to 90% had minimal impact on osteogenesis when using a 700-μm pore size [41]. (ii) Applications span tissue engineering with materials like PLA and PGA [16], achieving 97.2 ± 48.4 implant fit accuracy using MRI and CT scans [40–41]. Drug delivery systems, such as multi-layered tablets, enable sequential release [22]. Personalized medicine benefits from custom-made implants based on patient data [25].
(iii) Challenges include replicating intricate organ structures like the bladder and liver, ensuring vascularization, and integrating immune components [28]. Incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into bioinks increases angiogenesis [31]. Material limitations and regulatory hurdles persist [34]. (iv) Future directions focus on improving vascularization, immune integration, and personalized oncological treatments [37]. Continued research and technological innovations are essential for accurate tissue replication [40]. (v) In conclusion, AM techniques like SLA and FDM revolutionize drug delivery and tissue bioprinting, marking a transformative period in biomedicine with significant potential for personalized medicine and regenerative therapies, promising breakthroughs in disease modeling and drug testing[41].
