Effect of Staggered Configurations on Laminar Forced Convection Heat Transfer From Square Cylinders Inside Water/CuO Nanofluid

In the present article, forced convection heat transfer of steady flows pass over staggered square cylinders has been studied numerically. In the tested cases, the passing fluids are nanofluid which has water as base fluid, containing CuO as nanoparticles with different volume fractions. Besides, the flow is laminar and all cylinders are square with constant wall temperature. Recent correlations are used for viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids which are functions of temperature and particle volumetric concentration. Numerical simulations have been performed for low Peclet numbers(Pe ≤ 200), since in this range the flow is steady and laminar. Four different configurations of square cylinders have been studied and the results are compared with each other. This is to investigate the effect of different staggered configurations on forced convection heat transfer inside CuO/Water nanofluids. Finally, a model which has the configuration for the highest heat transfer enhancement inside CuO/Water nanofluids with different particle volume fractions has been specified.