This paper presents the concept and simulation of a novel multiple electrospray emitters for electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) applications. The proposed emitter is based on an array of carbon nanofibers (CNF) vertically grown around the orifice of a microscale thermoplastic capillary. The electrospray ionization process is simulated using a CFD code that utilizes Taylor-Melcher leaky-dielectric formulations for the electrohydrodynamics and volume-of-fluid (VOF) method for tracking the interface. The modeling results predict that under steady state conditions, individual cone-jets are established around each of the CNFs resulting in an array of electrosprays. Effects of several design and operational parameters on the electrospray performance are thoroughly investigated. The results of the present study will facilitate design, fabrication and experiments using the CNF emitter. Higher spray current and lower jet diameter indicate that the proposed emitter can perform equivalent to nanospray emitters exhibiting improved MS sensitivity while using a microscale orifice. Use of microscale orifice benefits in terms of higher sample throughput and eliminates potential clogging problem inherent in nanoscale capillaries. Overall, the proposed emitter is believed to be a suitable candidate for ESI-MS applications.
Volume Subject Area:
Bioengineering
1.
Zeleny
J.
1914
, The physical review
, 3
, pp. 69
–91
.2.
Zeleny
J.
1917
, The physical review
, 10
, pp. 1
–6
.3.
Dole
M.
Mack
L. L.
Hines
R. L.
Mobley
R. C.
Ferguson
L. D.
Alice
M. B.
1968
, “Molecular beams of macroions
”, J. of Chemical Physics
, 49
, pp. 2240
–2249
.4.
Clegg
G. A.
Dole
M.
1971
, “Molecular beams of macroions. 3. Zein and polyvinylpyrrolidone
”, Biopolymers
, 10
(5)
, pp. 821
–826
.5.
Fenn
J. B.
Mann
M.
Meng
C. K.
Wong
S. F.
Whitehouse
C. M.
1989
, “Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules
”, Science
, 246
, pp. 64
–71
.6.
Arscott
S.
Le
G. S.
Druon
C.
Tabourier
P.
Rolando
C.
2004
, “A planar micro-nib interface for nanoESI-MS microfluidic applications
”, J. of Micromechanics and Microengineering
, 14
, pp. 310
–316
.7.
Amirkhani
A.
Wetterhall
M.
Nilsson
S.
Danielsson
R.
Bergquist
J.
2004
, “Comparison between different seathless electrospray emitter configurations regarding the performance of nanoscale liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis
”, J. of chromatography A
, 1033
, pp, 257
–266
.8.
Wang
Y. X.
Cooper
J. W.
Lee
C. S.
DeVoe
D. L.
2004
, “Efficient electrospray ionization from polymer microchannels using integrated hydrophobic membranes
”, Lab on a chip
, 4
, pp. 363
–367
.9.
Trapp
O.
Pearce
E. W.
Kimmel
J. R.
Yoon
O. K.
Zuleta
I. A.
Zare
R. N.
2005
, “A soft on-column metal coating procedure for robust seathless electrospray emitters used in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry
”, Electrophoresis
, 26
, pp. 1358
–1365
.10.
Griss
P.
Melin
J.
Sjodahl
J.
Rocraade
J.
Stemme
G.
2002
, “Development of micromachined hollow tips for protein analysis based on nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
”, J. of Micromechanics and Microengineering
, 12
, pp. 682
–687
.11.
Kim
J. S.
Knapp
D. R.
2001
, “Microfabrication of polydimethylsiloxane electrospray ionization emitters
”, J. of Chromatography A
, 924
, pp. 137
–145
.12.
Jian
L.
Kyung
W. R.
Mark
B.
Knapp
D. R.
2004
, “Electrospray Ionization with a pointed carbon fiber emitter
”, Anal. Chemistry
, 76
, pp. 3599
–3606
.13.
Sen
A. K.
Darabi
J.
Knapp
D. R.
Liu
J.
2006
, “Modeling and characterization of a carbon fiber emitter for electrospray ionization
”, J. of Micromechanics and Microengineering
, 16
, pp. 620
–630
.14.
Huberman
M. N.
Beynon
J. C.
Cohen
E.
Goldin
D. S.
Kidd
P. W.
Zafran
S.
1968
, “Present status of colloid microthruster technology
”, J. of Spacecraft and Rockets
, 5
, pp. 1319
–1324
.15.
Rulison
A. J.
Flagan
R.
1993
, “Scale-up of electrospray atomization using linear arrays of Taylor cones
”, Rev. of scientific instruments
, 64
, pp. 683
–686
.16.
Amekinders
J. C.
Jones
C.
1999
, “Multiple jet electrohydrodynamic spraying and applications
”, J. of Aerosol Science
, 30
, pp. 969
–971
.17.
Schultz, G.A., Corso, T.N., 2000, Proceedings of the 47th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Long Beach, CA.
18.
Tang
K.
Lin
Y.
Matson
D. W.
Kim
T.
Smith
R. D.
2001
, “Generation of multiple electrosprays using microfabricated emitter arrays for improved mass spectrometric sensitivity
”, Anal. Chemistry
, 73
, pp. 1658
–1663
.19.
Regele
J. D.
Papac
M. J.
Rickard
M. J. A.
Dunn-Rankin
D.
2002
, “Effects of capaillary spacing on EHD spraying from an array of cone jets
”, J. of Aerosol Science
, 33
, pp. 1471
–1479
.20.
Bocanegra, R., Barrero, A., Loscertales, I.G., Marquez, M., 2003, “Multiplexing electrosprays emitted from an array of holes”, 56th annual meeting of the division of fluid dynamics, Bulletin of the American physical society, 48
21.
Deng, W., Li, X., Klemic, J., Reed, M., Gomez, A., In press, “Increase of electrospray throughput using multiplexed microfabricated sources for the generation of monodisperse droplets”, J. of Aerosol Science
22.
Duby
M. H.
Deng
W.
Kim
K.
Gomez
T.
Gomez
A.
2006
, “Stabilization of monodisperse electrosprays in the multi-jet mode via electric field enhancement
”, J. of Aerosol Science
, 37
(3)
, pp. 306
–322
.23.
Kaiser
S.
Kyritsis
D. C.
Dobrowolski
P.
Long
M. B.
Gomez
A.
2003
, “The electrospray and combustion at the mesoscale
”, J. of Mass Spectrometry
, 51
(1)
, pp. 42
–49
.24.
Yoon
S. S.
Heister
S. D.
Epperson
J. T.
Sojka
P. E.
2001
, “Modeling multi-jet mode electrostatic atomization using boundary element methods
”, J. of Electrostatics
, 50
(2)
, pp. 91
–108
.25.
Ebbesen
T. W.
Ajayan
P. M.
1992
, “Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanofibers
”, Nature (London)
, 358
, pp. 220
220
.26.
Thess
A.
Lee
R.
Nikolaev
D. H.
Petit
P.
Robert
J.
Xu
C.
Lee
Y. H.
Kim
S. G.
Rinzler
A. G.
Colbert
D. T.
Scuseria
G. E.
Tomanek
D.
Fischer
J. E.
Smalley
R. E.
1996
, “Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanofibers
”, Science
, 273
, pp. 483
483
.27.
Ren
Z. F.
Huang
Z. P.
Xu
J. W.
Wang
J. H.
Bush
P.
Siegal
M. P.
Provencio
P. N.
1998
, “Synthesis of large arrays of well-aligned carbon nanofibers on thermoplastic
”, Science
, 282
, pp. 1105
–1107
.28.
Merkulov
V. I.
Lowndes
D. H.
Wei
Y. Y.
Eres
G.
Voelkl
E.
2000
, “Patterned growth of individual and multiple vertically aligned carbon nanofibers
”, App. Physics Letters
, 76
, pp. 3555
3555
.29.
Chhowalla
M.
Teo
K. B. K.
Ducati
C.
Rupesinghe
N. L.
Amaratunga
G. A. J.
Ferrari
A. C.
Roy
D.
Robertson
J.
Milne
W. I. J.
2001
) Growth process conditions of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
. Applied Physics Letters
, vol 90
, pp 5308
5308
30.
Hofmann
S.
Ducati
C.
Kleinsorge
B.
Robertson
J.
2003
, “Low-temperature growth of carbon nanofibers by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
”, App. Physics Letters
, 83
, pp. 135
–137
.31.
Ryu
K.
Kang
M.
Kim
Y.
Jeon
H.
2003
, “Low temperature growth of carbon nanotube by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using nickel catalyst
”, Jpn. Journal of Applied Physics
, 42
, pp. 3578
–3581
.32.
Hofmann
S.
Ducati
C.
Kleinsorge
B.
Robertson
J.
2003
, “Direct growth of aligned carbon nanofiber field emitter arrays onto plastic substrates
”, Appl. Physics Letters
, 83
(22)
, pp. 4661
–4663
.33.
Melechko
A. V.
McKnight
T. E.
Hensley
D. K.
Guillorn
M. A.
Borisevich
A. Y.
Merkulov
V. I.
Lowndes
D. H.
Simpson
M. L.
2003
, “Large scale synthesis of high-aspect-ratio rigid vertically aligned carbon nanofibers
”, Nanotechnology
, 14
, pp. 1029
–1035
.34.
Castellanos, A., 1998, “Basic Concepts and Equations in Electrohydrodynamics”, Electrohydrodynamics ed. (Berlin: Springer).
35.
Saville
D. A.
1997
, “Electrohydrodynamcis: the Taylor-Melcher leaky dielectric model
”, Annu. Review Fluid Mechanics
, 29
, pp. 27
–64
.36.
Melcher, J. R., 1981, “Continuum Electromechanics”, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
37.
Hirt
C. W.
Nichols
B. D.
1981
, “Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries
”, J. of Computational Physics
, 39
, pp. 201
–225
.38.
Hartman
R. P. A.
Brunner
D. J.
Camelot
D. M. A.
Marijnissen
J. C. M.
Scarlett
B.
1999
, “Electrohydrodynamic atomization in the cone-jet mode physical modeling of the liquid cone and jet
”, J. of Aerosol Science
, 30
, pp. 823
–849
.39.
De la Mora
F. J.
Loscertales
I. G.
1994
, “The current emitted by highly conducting Taylor cones
”, J. of Fluid Mechanics
, 260
, pp. 155
–184
.40.
Ganan-Calvo
A. M.
1997
, “Cone-jet analytical extension of Taylor’s electrostatic solution and the asymptotic universal scaling laws in electrospraying
”, Phys. Review Letters
, 79
, pp. 217
–220
.41.
Cloupeau
M.
Prunet-Foch
B.
1989
, “Electrostatic spraying of liquids in cone-jet mode
”, J. of Electrostatics
, 22
, pp. 135
–159
.42.
Ganan-Calvo
A. M.
Davila
J.
Barrero
A.
1997
, “Current and droplet size in the electrospraying of liquids. Scaling laws
”, J. of Aerosol Science
, 28
, pp. 249
–275
.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 2006
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
