Topics: Boilers , Databases , Nuclear reactors , Pressurized water reactors , Relational databases , Artificial intelligence , Eddies (Fluid dynamics) , Eddy currents (Electricity) , Heat transfer , Machine learning

Spindle Bearings Fault Diagnosis Technique Based on Integration of Zero Resonator Frequency Filter and Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform

Avitus Titus Mwelinde, Hongyu Jin, Jamal Banzi, Hongya Fu, Zhenyu Han

IMECE 2021; V013T14A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73194

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Bearings , Fault diagnosis , Filters , Flaw detection , Wavelets

Fatigue Crack Growth Prognosis With the Particle Filter and On-Line Guided Wave Structural Monitoring Data

Jian Chen, Shenfang Yuan, Lei Qiu, Yuanqiang Ren

IMECE 2021; V013T14A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73504

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Fatigue cracks , Filters , Particulate matter , Structural health monitoring , Waves

Crashworthiness, Occupant Protection, and Biomechanics

Reinforced Concrete Barrier Modeling In-Series Impacts in LS-DYNA

Roshan Sharma, Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny, Stefan Hurlebaus, Maysam Kiani

IMECE 2021; V013T14A006doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-66627

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Finite element analysis , Modeling , Reinforced concrete , Trucks

Damage Assessment Method of Battery Pack of Electric Vehicle in Undercarriage Collision

Powen Chen, Yong Xia, Qing Zhou, Yunlong Qu, Xinqi Wei

IMECE 2021; V013T14A007doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69776

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Batteries , Collisions (Physics) , Damage assessment , Electric vehicles , Safety

Equivalent Energy Absorption (EEA) - A Methodology for Improved Automotive Crash & Safety Design

Peddi Sai Rama Narayana, Raghu V. Prakash, Srinivas Gunti, Kanugula Raghu

IMECE 2021; V013T14A008doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70137

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Absorption , Design , Experimental design , High strength steel , Safety , Traffic accidents

General Topics on Risk, Safety, and Reliability

Improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness by Enabling Autonomous Maintenance Pillar for Integrated Work Systems

Aneesh A. Chand, Kushal A. Prasad, Krishneel R. Sharma, Sumesh Narayan, Kabir A. Mamun, F. R. Islam, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Shauhrat S. Chopra

IMECE 2021; V013T14A009doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-66623

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Columns (Structural) , Maintenance

Implementation of Reliability Design Theory on a Thin-Wall Vessel Structure

Xiaobin Le

IMECE 2021; V013T14A010doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-67665

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Design theory , Reliability , Stress , Thin wall structures , Vessels

Compression Analysis Tests for Prototypes Made of Different Polymers

Taher Deemyad, Vincent Akula, Anish Sebastian

IMECE 2021; V013T14A011doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-68096

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Compression , Engineering prototypes , Failure , Polymers , Shapes , Toilets

Mathematical Modeling for Carbon Dioxide Level Within Confined Spaces

Lincan Yan, Dave S. Yantek, Cory R. DeGennaro, Rohan D. Fernando

IMECE 2021; V013T14A012doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-68452

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Carbon dioxide , Modeling , Space , Air flow , Oxygen , Regulations , Coal mining , Occupational safety and health

Fresh Air Flow Required to Maintain Safe Carbon Dioxide Levels and Provide a Breathable Air Environment in a Refuge Alternative

Cory DeGennaro, Lincan Yan, David Yantek

IMECE 2021; V013T14A013doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-68680

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Air flow , Carbon dioxide

Improving Real-Time Methane Monitoring in Longwall Coal Mines Through System Response Characterization of a Multi-Nodal Methane Detection Network

Brian Cappellini, Derek Johnson, Nigel Clark, Amber Barr

IMECE 2021; V013T14A014doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69709

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Coal mining , Longwall mining , Methane , Modeling

Establishment of the Off-Center Embedded Crack Stress Intensity Factor Database for Probabilistic Risk Assessment Based on Universal Weight Function

Tongge Xu, Shuiting Ding, Guo Li

IMECE 2021; V013T14A015doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70198

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Databases , Failure , Fracture (Materials) , Probabilistic risk assessment , Response surface methodology , Stress , Weight (Mass)

Multiobjective Reliability-Based Design of an Aircraft Wing Using a Fuzzy-Based Metaheuristic

Suwin Sleesongsom, Saksan Winyangkul, Sujin Bureerat

IMECE 2021; V013T14A016doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71001

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Aircraft , Design , Pareto optimization , Reliability , Wings

A Systematic Study of Pedestrian Contrast and Detection From Vehicle Headlights

Fawzi P. Bayan, Thomas A. Timbario, Jonathan D. Nelson, Stuart Sheldon, II, Ronny E. Wahba, Brandon Keys

IMECE 2021; V013T14A017doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71215

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Vehicles , Brightness (Photometry) , Asphalt , Reflectance , Roads , Three-dimensional modeling

Increased Vehicle Intrusion as a Result of Vehicle Weight

Lauren Eichaker, Cameron Trepeck, Michael Arnett, H. Fred Chen, John Wiechel, Dennis Guenther

IMECE 2021; V013T14A018doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71294

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Vehicles , Weight (Mass) , Accidents , Deformation , Computer software , Crashworthiness , Impact modeling , Kinematics , Kinetic energy , Safety

Verification Study of the Nuclear PRA for the Mars 2020 Mission Following Accidental Orbital Re-Entry

Arjun Earthperson, Mihai A. Diaconeasa

IMECE 2021; V013T14A019doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71359

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Accidents , Analytical methods , Generators , Gravity (Force) , Jet propulsion , Modeling , Probabilistic risk assessment , Radioisotopes , Risk , Risk assessment

Attempting To Establish Design Margins for Glassy Polymers In Critical Structural Service

Bart Kemper, Kaylie Kling Williams

IMECE 2021; V013T14A020doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71836

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Polymers , Pressure vessels

A Multi-Attribute Knowledge Criticality Framework for Ranking Major Maintenance Activities: A Case Study of Cement Raw Mill Plant

Lilian O. Iheukwumere-Esotu, Akilu Yunusa-Kaltungo

IMECE 2021; V013T14A021doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72943

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Cements (Adhesives) , Fuzzy logic , Maintenance , Failure analysis , Cement plants

A Framework for Integrating Reliability, Robustness, Resilience, and Vulnerability to Assess System Adaptivity

Milad Rostami, Scott Bucking

IMECE 2021; V013T14A022doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73021

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Reliability , Resilience , Robustness

A Quantitative Approach to Assess the Likelihood of Supply Chain Shortages

Priyanka Pandit, Arjun Earthperson, Alp Tezbasaran, Mihai A. Diaconeasa

IMECE 2021; V013T14A023doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73696

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Supply chains

Effect of Weather on the Performance of Autonomous Vehicle LiDAR Sensors

Jamil Abdo, Spencer Hamblin, Genshe Chen

IMECE 2021; V013T14A024doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73770

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Autonomous vehicles , Sensors

Machine Learning for Safety, Reliability, and Maintenance

KrakenBox: Deep Learning-Based Error Detector for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Sheng Ding, Andrey Morozov, Tagir Fabarisov, Silvia Vock

IMECE 2021; V013T14A025doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70258

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Cyber-physical systems , Errors , Sensors , Computer software , Hardware , Safety , Failure , Risk , Time series

Deep Learning-Based Error Mitigation for Assistive Exoskeleton With Computational-Resource-Limited Platform and Edge Tensor Processing Unit

Tagir Fabarisov, Andrey Morozov, Ilshat Mamaev, Klaus Janschek

IMECE 2021; V013T14A026doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70387

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Errors , Exoskeleton devices , Tensors

Dynamic Placement of Rapidly Deployable Mobile Sensor Robots Using Machine Learning and Expected Value of Information

Alice Agogino, Hae Young Jang, Vivek Rao, Ritik Batra, Felicity Liao, Rohan Sood, Irving Fang, R. Lily Hu, Emerson Shoichet-Bartus, John Matranga

IMECE 2021; V013T14A027doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70759

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Machine learning , Robots , Sensors , Emergencies , Emergency response , Artificial neural networks , Decision making , Density , Disasters , Errors

Prognostic Health Monitoring Method for Thermal Fatigue Failure of Power Modules Based on Finite Element Method-Based Lagrangian Neural Networks

Akira Kano, Tomoko Monda, Tomoyuki Suzuki, Hideaki Uehara, Tomoya Fumikura, Kenji Hirohata

IMECE 2021; V013T14A028doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70783

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Artificial neural networks , Fatigue , Fatigue failure , Finite element analysis , Fatigue life , Stress , Reliability , Cycles , Maintenance , Solder joints

Fault Diagnosis With Deep Learning for Standard and Asymmetric Involute Spur Gears

Fatih Karpat, Ahmet Emir Dirik, Onur Can Kalay, Celalettin Yüce, Oğuz Doğan, Burak Korcuklu

IMECE 2021; V013T14A029doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73702

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Fault diagnosis , Gears , Spur gears

Models and Methods for Probabilistic Risk Analysis

Demonstration of a Limited Scope Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Autonomous Warehouse Robots With OpenPRA

Philipp Grimmeisen, Artur Karimov, Mihai A. Diaconeasa, Andrey Morozov

IMECE 2021; V013T14A030doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69998

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Probabilistic risk assessment , Robots , Warehouses

Performance of Iterative Network Uncertainty Quantification for Multicomponent System Qualification

Edward Rojas, John Tencer

IMECE 2021; V013T14A031doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72345

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Uncertainty quantification

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Protective Systems

The Role of Protective System Reliability Analysis in the Study of System Safety

Martin Wortman, Ernie Kee, Pranav Kannan

IMECE 2021; V013T14A032doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69562

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Event history analysis , Reliability , Safety

Application of Bayesian Calibration to Improve Multiple Ballistic Impact Modeling

Gregory A. Langone, Brad G. Davis, Nicholas A. Reisweber

IMECE 2021; V013T14A033doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70716

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Calibration , Impact modeling , Steel , Failure , Uncertainty , Ammunition , Army , Ballistics , Chain , Density

Nuclear Power: On PRA and Protective System Maintenance

Ernie Kee, Martin Wortman

IMECE 2021; V013T14A034doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73035

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Maintenance , Nuclear power

Reliability and Risk in Energy Systems

Effect of Particle Overlapping Impacts in Erosion Process

Xuerui Zang, Xuewen Cao, Zhenqiang Xie, Jun Zhang, Yijie Li

IMECE 2021; V013T14A035doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69881

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Erosion , Particulate matter

A Proposed Method for Online Condition Monitoring of Pneumatic Systems Under Different Operating Conditions and Parameters for Optimal Energy Consumption

Anil U. Peerapur, Mangesh N. Dhavalikar, Sunil V. Dingare, Bhumeshwar K. Patle

IMECE 2021; V013T14A036doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69942

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Condition monitoring , Energy consumption , Pneumatic systems

On the Modeling of Wildfires-Induced Release and Atmospheric Dispersion in Radioactively Contaminated Regions

Damla Polat, Mihai A. Diaconeasa

IMECE 2021; V013T14A037doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71460

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Modeling , Nuclear power stations , Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, Chornobyl, Ukraine, 1986 , Accidents , Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan, 2011 , Probabilistic risk assessment , Radiation (Physics) , Emergency response , Fire , Combustion

Reliability and Safety in Industrial Automation Systems

Anomaly Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems Using Transformers

Yuliang Ma, Andrey Morozov, Sheng Ding

IMECE 2021; V013T14A038doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69395

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Cyber-physical systems , Machine learning , Robots , Time series , Artificial neural networks , Economics , Errors , Failure , Hazards , Natural language processing

An Approach for Safeguarding Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Monitoring Tools

Manuel Müller, Natalie Schinzel, Nasser Jazdi, Michael Weyrich

IMECE 2021; V013T14A039doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-73087

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Mobile robots , Safety , Task analysis , Robots , Engineering prototypes , Manipulators , Risk reduction , Weight (Mass)

Reliability and Safety in Transportation Systems

Development of Algorithms for Improving Fiber-Optical Rail Circuit on Railway Spans

Nikoloz Mgebrishvili, Maksim Iavich, Tengiz Tabidze, Amiran Nodia

IMECE 2021; V013T14A040doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-67732

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Algorithms , Arches , Cables , Circuits , Fibers , Railroads , Rails , Reflectometers , Signals , Vibration

Study of Carbody Structure Design Under Different Standards

Jianran Wang, Xiaofang Liu, Haifeng Zhang, Qi Luo, Shihong Jiang, Haifeng Hong

IMECE 2021; V013T14A041doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-67822

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Light rail vehicles , Railway vehicles , Subways , Vehicles , Rail vehicles , Automotive design , China , Crashworthiness , Economics

A Hybrid Methodology for Risk Mitigation During Development of Safety-Critical Autonomy Features

Pez Zarifian, Divya Garikapati, Julia Pralle, Jennifer Dawson, Constantin Hubmann, Brielle Reiff, Raymond Tam, Gopi Gaddamadugu

IMECE 2021; V013T14A042doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69313

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Autonomous vehicles , Risk mitigation , Safety , Testing , Roads , Algorithms , Computer software , Engineers , Feedback , Fittings

Safety Technology Advancements for Autonomous Cars; Prospective of Manufacturing, Regulatory and Society

Mohammad Pourgol Mohamad, Amin Pourgol Mohamad

IMECE 2021; V013T14A043doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70802

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Driverless cars , Manufacturing , Reliability , Risk , Safety , Accidents , Transportation systems , Connected vehicles , Economics

An Imperfect Usage-Based Preventive Maintenance Planning Model for Railway Track Superstructures

Fateme Dinmohammadi, Mahmood Shafiee, Enrico Zio

IMECE 2021; V013T14A044doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72955

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Grinding , Maintenance , Railroads

Reliability and Safety of Deep Learning-Based Components

An Overview of the Research Landscape in the Field of Safe Machine Learning

Georg Siedel, Stefan Voß, Silvia Vock

IMECE 2021; V013T14A045doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69390

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Machine learning , Safety , Visualization

Automated Hardening of Deep Neural Network Architectures

Michael Beyer, Christoph Schorn, Tagir Fabarisov, Andrey Morozov, Klaus Janschek

IMECE 2021; V013T14A046doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72891

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Architecture , Artificial neural networks , Errors , Hardening , Hardware , Resilience

Student Safety Innovation Challenge

Design of an Efficient, Low-Cost, Stationary LiDAR System for Roadway Condition Monitoring

Jarod Bennett, Mather Saladin, Daniel Sizoo, Spencer Stewart, Graham Wood, Thomas DeAgostino, Christopher Depcik

IMECE 2021; V013T14A047doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69308

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Condition monitoring , Design , Roads , Transportation systems , Graphical user interfaces , Resolution (Optics) , Autonomous vehicles , Computer programming , Corrosion , Data collection

Users, Technology, and Human Reliability in Safety Engineering

An Integrative and Transdisciplinary Approach for a Human-Centered Design of AI-Based Work Systems

Larissa Schlicht, Marlen Melzer, Ulrike Rösler, Stefan Voß, Silvia Vock

IMECE 2021; V013T14A048doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71261

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Risk analysis , Risk assessment , Systems engineering

On the Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the Protection of Small Modular Reactors Against Terrorist Attacks

Burak Polat, Mihai A. Diaconeasa

IMECE 2021; V013T14A049doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71504

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Probabilistic risk assessment , Small modular reactors , Terrorist attacks , Security , Human reliability analysis , Decision making , Computer software , Control rooms , Hazards , Nuclear industry

Research Posters

Acoustics, Vibration, and Phononics

On the Vibration Transfer Characteristics From the Seat of the Vehicle to the Occupant

Ryoma Morisaki, Osamu Terashima, Fumiya Kinoshita, Hideaki Touyama

IMECE 2021; V013T15A001doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72041

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Modal analysis , Vehicles , Vibration

Acoustic Emission Detection and Signal Source Analysis of Boiler Water Wall Tube

Yilin Yuan, Gongtian Shen, Yongna Shen, Junjiao Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Qiang Wan

IMECE 2021; V013T15A002doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72083

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Acoustic emissions , Boilers , Signals , Water

Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications

Mechanical Properties and Durometer Testing Relationship of Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Edwar Romero-Ramirez, Charisma Clarke, Sanna F. Siddiqui, Gerardo Carbajal

IMECE 2021; V013T15A003doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69648

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Mechanical properties , Testing , Urethane elastomers

Design, Systems, and Complexity

Modular Printed Powered Air Purifying Respirator

J. Brown, M. Clifford, J. Magana, M. Salman, D. Tran

IMECE 2021; V013T15A004doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69333

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Additive manufacturing , Design , Pandemics , Particulate matter , Respirators , Supply chains , Warfare , Wear

Terrestrial Mission Extender for Weather Balloon Radiosonde

Carrington Chun, Joseph McBride, Kaveh Torabzadeh, Andrew Smith, Santana Roberts

IMECE 2021; V013T15A005doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69459

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Data acquisition , Electronics , Instrumentation , Meteorology , Retrofitting , Sensors

Mechanical Design and Development of a Suborbital Payload for Real-Time Data Acquisition and Structural Health Monitoring

Dillon Cvetic-Thomas, Amy Tattershall, Eli Jackson, Dane Robergs, Funmilola Nwokocha, Andrei Zagrai

IMECE 2021; V013T15A006doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71881

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Data acquisition , Design engineering , Finite element analysis , Flight , Structural health monitoring

Design, Modeling, and Fabrication of a Ventilator Prototype - A Successful Student Project Story

Haoyee Yeong, Francis Iloeje, Eli Kindomba, Sunday Folorunso, Yafeng Li, Jing Zhang

IMECE 2021; V013T15A007doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-72492

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Engineering prototypes , Manufacturing , Modeling , Students

Dynamics, Vibration, and Control

A Time-Frequency Domain Adaptive Control Approach for Vibration of Active Magnetic Bearing System

Xuan Yao, Zhaobo Chen

IMECE 2021; V013T15A008doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-69771

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Adaptive control , Artificial neural networks , Magnetic bearings , Vibration , Vibration control , Wavelets

Active Vibration Control of Aerospace Structural Systems for Specified Damping

Sathya Hanagud

IMECE 2021; V013T15A009doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70469

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Aerospace industry , Damping , Vibration control , Design , Control equipment , Vibration , Aircraft , Actuators , Feedback , Piezoelectric ceramics

Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering

Senior Capstone Project: A Classroom Heat Exchanger Demonstration Kit

Matthew Quigley, Jason Klebba, Badih Jawad, Liping Liu

IMECE 2021; V013T15A010doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70833

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Heat exchangers

Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Fluids

A Prediction Software to Evaluate Frisbee Movement

Haowen Yang

IMECE 2021; V013T15A011doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-70925

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Aerodynamics , Computer software , Trajectories (Physics) , Design , Drag (Fluid dynamics) , Fluids , Gravity (Force) , Lift (Fluid dynamics) , Matlab , Software development

Verification and Validation of a Small Wind Tunnel Data Acquisition System

Alex J. Doom, Elena Hollingsworth, Riley Bishop, Wesley Fisher, Brian Mazzoni, Chidurala Manohar

IMECE 2021; V013T15A012doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71806

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Data acquisition systems , Wind tunnels , Airfoils , Computational fluid dynamics , Cross-flow , Cylinders , Design , Drag (Fluid dynamics) , Errors , Pressure