1-20 of 195
Contamination
Close
Save search
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
Close Modal
Sort by
Proceedings Papers

Decreasing Level Activities and Releasing Wastes: It’s Now Possible Thanks to a New Electrodecontamination Implementation

Michaël Gal, Olaf Reuter, Frédérique Damerval
Proc. ASME. ICEM2023, ASME 2023 International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, V001T10A002, October 3–6, 2023
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2023-109223
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2023-109223
View Paper titled, Decreasing Level Activities and Releasing Wastes: It’s Now Possible Thanks to a New Electrodecontamination Implementation
Open the PDF for Decreasing Level Activities and Releasing Wastes: It’s Now Possible Thanks to a New Electrodecontamination Implementation in another window
Topics: Collaboration, Contamination, Decontamination, Maintenance, Metal wastes, Shear (Mechanics), Spent nuclear fuels, Stainless steel, Waste disposal
Proceedings Papers

United States Department of Energy Environmental Management Activities

David Huizenga
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 11-13, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1002
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1002
View Paper titled, United States Department of Energy Environmental Management Activities
Open the PDF for United States Department of Energy Environmental Management Activities in another window
Topics: Contamination, Governments, Hazardous wastes, Liabilities, National defense, Nuclear weapons, Spent nuclear fuels, Testing, Waste management
Proceedings Papers

The Decreasing Ways of Contaminated Underground Water Volume in Uranium Mining and Milling Region

Natalya Isayeva
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities, 1151-1153, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1208
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1208
View Paper titled, The Decreasing Ways of Contaminated Underground Water Volume in Uranium Mining and Milling Region
Open the PDF for The Decreasing Ways of Contaminated Underground Water Volume in Uranium Mining and Milling Region in another window
Topics: Milling, Uranium mining, Water, Uranium, In situ processing (Mining), Contamination, Mining
Proceedings Papers

Requirements for the Radiation Monitoring Systems in Highly Populated Areas

Yurij V. Puzanov, Michael I. Ojovan, Igor A. Sobolev
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 589-591, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1104
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1104
View Paper titled, Requirements for the Radiation Monitoring Systems in Highly Populated Areas
Open the PDF for Requirements for the Radiation Monitoring Systems in Highly Populated Areas in another window
Topics: Radiation measurement, Radiation (Physics), Contamination, Density, Risk
Proceedings Papers

Evaluation of Possible Consequences of Radiation Accidents With Sources of an Ionising Radiation for Insurance of Radiation Risks

V. Sikorenko-Gusar, Yu. Kutlakhmedov, O. Makarovska
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 319-323, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1055
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1055
View Paper titled, Evaluation of Possible Consequences of Radiation Accidents With Sources of an Ionising Radiation for Insurance of Radiation Risks
Open the PDF for Evaluation of Possible Consequences of Radiation Accidents With Sources of an Ionising Radiation for Insurance of Radiation Risks in another window
Topics: Accidents, Insurance, Ionizing radiation, Radiation (Physics), Nuclear power, Safety, Damage, Emergencies, Transportation systems, Gears
Proceedings Papers

Application of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Groundwater Restoration Strategy

Gaynor Dawson, Steven Golian
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 137-142, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1024
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1024
View Paper titled, Application of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Groundwater Restoration Strategy
Open the PDF for Application of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Groundwater Restoration Strategy in another window
Topics: Groundwater, Pumps, Water, Maintenance, Plumes (Fluid dynamics), Risk reduction, Contamination, Cost benefit analysis, Environmental Protection Agency, Rocks
Proceedings Papers

The Potential Application of Soil Washing to the Treatment of Radioactively Contaminated Soils, Rubble and Rocks From UKAEA’s Sites

Mike Pearl
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities, 913-919, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1163
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1163
View Paper titled, The Potential Application of Soil Washing to the Treatment of Radioactively Contaminated Soils, Rubble and Rocks From UKAEA’s Sites
Open the PDF for The Potential Application of Soil Washing to the Treatment of Radioactively Contaminated Soils, Rubble and Rocks From UKAEA’s Sites in another window
Topics: Rocks, Soil, Radioactive substances, Contamination, Risk
Proceedings Papers

Management of Tritium Wastes

Lee Rickard, Frank Weller, Jeff Wilks
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1343-1347, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1242
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1242
View Paper titled, Management of Tritium Wastes
Open the PDF for Management of Tritium Wastes in another window
Topics: Contamination, Cycles, Gases, Heat treating (Metalworking), Heating, Hydrogen, Isotopes, Temperature, Waste management
Proceedings Papers

Packaging and Conditioning of Radioactive Oil Wastes From Cernavoda NPP Operation

Nicoleta T. Deneanu, Ion V. Popescu, Mirela F. Dulama, Elena I. Baboescu
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1773-1776, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1314
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1314
View Paper titled, Packaging and Conditioning of Radioactive Oil Wastes From Cernavoda NPP Operation
Open the PDF for Packaging and Conditioning of Radioactive Oil Wastes From Cernavoda NPP Operation in another window
Topics: Nuclear power stations, Packaging, Radioisotopes, Storage, Contamination, Coolants, Fluids, Heat, Licensing, Lubricating oils
Proceedings Papers

Decontamination of the Special Drainage System at NPP A-1

Ján Rezbárik, Dušan Majerský, Stanislav Sekely
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1723-1728, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1305
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1305
View Paper titled, Decontamination of the Special Drainage System at NPP A-1
Open the PDF for Decontamination of the Special Drainage System at NPP A-1 in another window
Topics: Decontamination, Drainage, Nuclear power stations, Contamination, Nuclear decommissioning, Accidents, Design, Ejectors, Maintenance, Particulate matter
Proceedings Papers

Abrasive Blasting, a Technique for the Industrial Decontamination of Metal Components From Decommissioning to Unconditional Release Levels

Robert Walthéry, Lucien Teunckens, Patrick Lewandowski, Danny Millen, Sven Baumann
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1735-1740, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1307
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1307
View Paper titled, Abrasive Blasting, a Technique for the Industrial Decontamination of Metal Components From Decommissioning to Unconditional Release Levels
Open the PDF for Abrasive Blasting, a Technique for the Industrial Decontamination of Metal Components From Decommissioning to Unconditional Release Levels in another window
Topics: Blasting, Decontamination, Metalwork, Nuclear decommissioning, Metals, Radioactive wastes, Contamination, Melting, Recycling, Natural resources
Proceedings Papers

Development of Testing Laboratory for Checking Radioactive Waste Packages in the Czech Republic

K. Svoboda, A. Vokál
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1853-1858, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1329
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1329
View Paper titled, Development of Testing Laboratory for Checking Radioactive Waste Packages in the Czech Republic
Open the PDF for Development of Testing Laboratory for Checking Radioactive Waste Packages in the Czech Republic in another window
Topics: Radioactive wastes, Testing, Quality control, Contamination, Durability, Neutrons, Storage, Waste management
Proceedings Papers

The Results of Specific Efforts to Improve Techniques for the Decontamination of Concrete Surfaces in Nuclear Facilities

Sven Baumann, Lucien Teunckens, Robert Walthéry, Patrick Lewandowski, Danny Millen
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1747-1750, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1309
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1309
View Paper titled, The Results of Specific Efforts to Improve Techniques for the Decontamination of Concrete Surfaces in Nuclear Facilities
Open the PDF for The Results of Specific Efforts to Improve Techniques for the Decontamination of Concrete Surfaces in Nuclear Facilities in another window
Topics: Concretes, Decontamination, Nuclear power stations, Machinery, Nuclear decommissioning, Ceilings, Concrete walls, Contamination, Diamonds, Dust
Proceedings Papers

Decontamination Method Data Base

E. P. Emets, G. Yu. Kolomeytsev, P. P. Polouektov, V. V. Shirokov, A. N. Yakovets
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1751-1755, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1310
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1310
View Paper titled, Decontamination Method Data Base
Open the PDF for Decontamination Method Data Base in another window
Topics: Databases, Decontamination, Detergents, Corrosion, Chemistry, Computers, Contamination, Decision making, Metal surfaces, Physics
Proceedings Papers

Waste Avoidance Program for Mercury-Laden Mixed Waste

Michael E. Cournoyer, Timothy P. Martinez, Robert F. Grundemann
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 3: Hazardous Waste; Engineered/Geological Barriers in Disposal Systems; L/ILW; Radioactive Waste From Research/Industries; Spent Fuel/HLW Disposal; Public Involvement; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling; LL/ILW; Clearance/Exemption Levels; Mgmt. of Fissile Material; HLW; Dismantling; Reversible/Irreversible Disposal; Waste Avoidance/Minimization; Decontamination; Liquid Waste; Radioactive Waste Processing; Transport of Spent Fuel/HLW; Solid HLW Confinement; QA/QC, 1691-1695, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1300
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1300
View Paper titled, Waste Avoidance Program for Mercury-Laden Mixed Waste
Open the PDF for Waste Avoidance Program for Mercury-Laden Mixed Waste in another window
Topics: Chemistry, Contamination, Design, Hazardous substances, Hazards, Instrumentation, Liabilities, Life cycle management, Maintenance, Manometers
Proceedings Papers

Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for Stabilizing and Reducing Migration of Contamination in Erodible Soil Horizons

S. Mikheykin, E. Laguzin, L. Pronina, A. Smirnov, V. Simonov, A. Zezin, T. Bolysheva, A. Fless
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 487-491, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1085
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1085
View Paper titled, Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for Stabilizing and Reducing Migration of Contamination in Erodible Soil Horizons
Open the PDF for Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for Stabilizing and Reducing Migration of Contamination in Erodible Soil Horizons in another window
Topics: Contamination, Soil, Accidents, Agricultural pollution, Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, Chornobyl, Ukraine, 1986, Heavy metals, Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear weapons, Nuclides, Pollution
Proceedings Papers

Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Remedial Actions for the Contaminated Floodplain due Releases of Radioactive Materials at Krasnoyarsk-26 Into Enisey River

Vladimir B. Georgievsky
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities, 765-769, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1136
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1136
View Paper titled, Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Remedial Actions for the Contaminated Floodplain due Releases of Radioactive Materials at Krasnoyarsk-26 Into Enisey River
Open the PDF for Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Remedial Actions for the Contaminated Floodplain due Releases of Radioactive Materials at Krasnoyarsk-26 Into Enisey River in another window
Topics: Cost benefit analysis, Radioactive substances, Rivers, Soil, Contamination, Radioisotopes, Mining, Shorelines, Sodium
Proceedings Papers

Oxidation and Direct Conditioning of Contaminated Metallic Sodium

B. Petitfour, A. Rahier, J. Seghers, R. Vandevoorde
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 1: Posters; Natl./Intl. Programs; Environmental Remediation and D&D Management/Tools; Fuel Cladding Evolution; LL/ILW; Disposal Site Selection/URLs; Fuel Pellets; Low/Interm. Level Waste; Worker Protection Policies; Release/Clearance Standards; Transmutation; Solid Waste; Contaminant Migration; Remediation of Uranium Mining/Milling Sites, 433-437, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1075
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1075
View Paper titled, Oxidation and Direct Conditioning of Contaminated Metallic Sodium
Open the PDF for Oxidation and Direct Conditioning of Contaminated Metallic Sodium in another window
Topics: Acceptance criteria, Alkali metals, Breeder reactors, Carbon dioxide, Circuits, Contamination, Coolants, Explosions, Fire risk, Fluidized beds
Proceedings Papers

Materials and Site Release Policy in the Vandellós 1 NPP Decommissioning Program

José L. Revilla
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities, 1253-1257, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1226
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1226
View Paper titled, Materials and Site Release Policy in the Vandellós 1 NPP Decommissioning Program
Open the PDF for Materials and Site Release Policy in the Vandellós 1 NPP Decommissioning Program in another window
Topics: Nuclear decommissioning, Nuclear power stations, Clearances (Engineering), Safety, Contamination, Optimization, Concretes, Demolition, Maintenance, Radioactive wastes
Proceedings Papers

The Decontamination and Decommissioning of a 2 000 m 3 Open Storage Pond for Liquid Waste and Sludges

Robert Walthéry, Lucien Teunckens, Patrick Lewandowski, Danny Millen, Sven Baumann
Proc. ASME. ICEM2001, Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities, 1259-1262, September 30–October 4, 2001
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Paper No: ICEM2001-1227
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2001-1227
View Paper titled, The Decontamination and Decommissioning of a 2 000 m 3 Open Storage Pond for Liquid Waste and Sludges
Open the PDF for The Decontamination and Decommissioning of a 2 000 m 3 Open Storage Pond for Liquid Waste and Sludges in another window
Topics: Decontamination, Nuclear decommissioning, Storage, Contamination, Concretes, Exterior walls, Bricks, Nuclear research, Radium, Soil