Volumes | International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation | American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection

Skip Nav Destination

ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management

October 11–15, 2009

Liverpool, UK

Conference Sponsors:

ISBN:

978-0-7918-4407-6

In This Volume

Low/Intermediate-Level Waste Management (65)
Spent Fuel, Fissile, Transuranic, High-Level Waste Management (48)

ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, Volume 1

Low/Intermediate-Level Waste Management

Modelling Long-Term Corrosion of Cemented Waste Forms in Salt Brines

Bernhard Kienzler, Volker Metz

ICEM 2009; 1-7doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16202

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Corrosion , Modeling , Cements (Adhesives) , Drills (Tools) , Minerals , Radioisotopes , Diffusion (Physics) , Drilling , Dust , Engineering simulation

Coupling Time-Dependent Sorption Values of Degrading Concrete With a Radionuclide Migration Model

Janez Perko, Dirk Mallants, Diederik Jacques, Lian Wang

ICEM 2009; 9-17doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16220

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Concretes , Radioisotopes , Sorption , Safety , Cements (Adhesives) , Water , Computer simulation , Construction , Durability , Minerals

A Preliminary Postclosure Safety Assessment of OPG’s Proposed L&ILW Deep Geologic Repository, Canada

Richard Little, John Avis, Nicola Calder, Nava Garisto, Paul Gierszewski, Helen Leung, Laura Limer, James Penfold, George Towler, Russell Walke, Robert Walsh

ICEM 2009; 19-28doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16289

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Safety , Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , Computer software , Conceptual design , Earthquakes , Energy generation , Failure , Flow (Dynamics) , Groundwater , Nuclear environmental management

The Development and Use of T2GGM: A Gas Modelling Code for the Postclosure Safety Assessment of OPG’s Proposed L&ILW Deep Geologic Repository, Canada

Paul Suckling, Nicola Calder, Paul Humphreys, Fraser King, Helen Leung

ICEM 2009; 29-38doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16291

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Modeling , Safety

Numerical Assessment of the Long-Term Safety of the Morsleben Repository for Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste

Ju¨rgen Wollrath, Ju¨rgen Preuss, Dirk-A. Becker, Jo¨rg Mo¨nig

ICEM 2009; 39-48doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16346

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Safety , Licensing , Radiation (Physics) , Radioisotopes , Regulations , Sensitivity analysis , Uncertainty

Study of the Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment by Coprecipitation: From Modeling to New Process Designs

Yves Barre´, Vincent Pacary

ICEM 2009; 49-54doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16018

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Coprecipitation , Modeling , Waste treatment , Decontamination , Radioactive wastes , Engineering simulation , Simulation , Strontium , Crystals , Equilibrium (Physics)

Experience With Operation of Mobile Cementation Facility at A-1 NPP

Zuzana Holicka, Tibor Krajc, Dusan Kevicky, Marian Urbanec

ICEM 2009; 55-59doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16038

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Nuclear power stations , Cements (Adhesives) , Manipulators , Radioactive wastes , Storage tanks , Containers , Control systems , Cutting , Decontamination , Failure

Statistical Modelling Applied to the Contents of Waste Drums

Richard K. Bull, Ian Pearman

ICEM 2009; 61-65doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16085

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Gamma ray spectrometry , Modeling , Nuclear decommissioning , Statistics as topic

NDA Generic Research Programme for Higher Activity Waste Management Issues

James McKinney, Melanie Brownridge

ICEM 2009; 67-73doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16390

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Waste management , Industrial research , Materials characterization , Radioactive wastes , Design , Licensing , Nuclear decommissioning , Nuclear industry , Optimization , Storage

Radiological Monitoring Systems for Waste Characterisation in the Environment of Our Decommissioning Solutions

Marina Sokcic-Kostic, Roland Schultheis

ICEM 2009; 75-80doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16013

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Monitoring systems , Nuclear decommissioning , Bridges (Structures) , Building materials , Clearances (Engineering) , Containers , Instrumentation , Measurement systems , Radioactive wastes , Soil

Characterization of the Radiochemical Activity in CANDU Steam Generators

Aamir Husain, Yury Verzilov, Sriram Suryanarayan, Armando B. Antoniazzi

ICEM 2009; 81-87doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16204

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Boilers , Radioisotopes , Storage , Gamma ray spectrometry , Germanium , Melting , Metals , Recycling , Sensors

MGAv10: The Latest Evolution in the Multi-Group Analysis Code

Stephen Croft, Andrey Bosko, Ray Gunnink, Sasha Philips, Joe Lamontagne, Markku Koskelo, Robert McElroy

ICEM 2009; 89-93doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16248

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Computers , Feedback , Fuels , Gamma rays , Germanium , Isotopes , Neutrons , Nuclear fission , Nuclear fuel cycle , Nuclear industry

Field Examples of Waste Assay Solutions for Curium-Contaminated Wastes

Patrick M. J. Chard, Stephen Croft, Ian G. Hutchinson, Tom W. Turner, Ann Ross, Barrie Greenhalgh

ICEM 2009; 95-105doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16259

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Accuracy and precision , Emissions , Fingerprints , Half-life , Isotopes , Neutrons , Nuclear fission , Performance , Quality control , Spent nuclear fuels

Improved Practices for Packaging Transuranic Waste at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LA-UR-09-03293)

Kapil K. Goyal, Peter H. Carson

ICEM 2009; 107-111doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16280

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Packaging , Radioactive wastes , Acceptance criteria , Containers , Nondestructive evaluation , Corrective actions , Gases , Generators , Hydrogen , Quality control

The Next EDF Tracking System

Emmanuelle Julli, Bertrand Lantes

ICEM 2009; 113-117doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16292

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Acceptance criteria , Computers , Incinerators , Melting , Nuclear power stations , Pressurized water reactors , Radioactive wastes , Regulations , Solid wastes , Storage

Radiological Assessment of Petroleum Pipe Scale Waste Streams From Dry-Rattling Operations

Ian S. Hamilton, Robert O. Berry, Matthew G. Arno, Erich H. Fruchtnicht

ICEM 2009; 119-122doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16323

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Petroleum , Pipes , Radium , Aerosols , Storage , Dust , Oil fields , Solids , String , Batteries

The DIAMOND University Research Consortium: Nuclear Waste Characterisation, Immobilisation and Storage

Simon Biggs, Michael Fairweather, James Young, Neil Hyatt, Francis Livens

ICEM 2009; 123-132doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16374

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Diamonds , Radioactive wastes , Storage , Nuclear decommissioning , Collaboration , Decontamination , Energy generation , Fuels , Governments , Innovation

Theoretical Modelling of Nuclear Waste Flows

J. F. Adams, S. R. Biggs, M. Fairweather, D. Njobuenwu, J. Yao

ICEM 2009; 133-141doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16377

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Flow (Dynamics) , Modeling , Radioactive wastes , Particulate matter , Ducts , Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations , Particle collisions , Particle size , Process design , Displacement

U.S. Department of Energy’s “Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention” Program: Solidification Technologies for Radioactive Waste Treatment in Russia

Yuri Pokhitonov, Dennis Kelley

ICEM 2009; 143-154doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16037

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Solidification , Polymers , Governments , Product development , Stability , Absorption , Generators , Irradiation (Radiation exposure) , Pacific Ocean

Operational Experience With a Commercial Plant for Stabilisation of Radioactive Sludge and Other Materials in the United Kingdom

M. Hagan, R. M. Cornell, B. Riley, B. Ware

ICEM 2009; 155-161doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16042

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Blast furnaces , Cements (Adhesives) , Contamination , Decontamination , Demolition , Design , Doors , Engineering prototypes , Fly ash , Grouting

The Development of a Method for the Simultaneous Measurement of Cerium (IV) and Chromium (VI) Species in Nitric Acid Media

Ian D. Nickson, Colin Boxall, Angela Jackson, Guy O. H. Whillock

ICEM 2009; 163-169doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16124

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Accelerants (Fuels) , Aluminum , Chemistry , Corrosion , Corrosion protection , Design , Ions , Iron , Magnesium (Metal) , Neodymium

Incineration of Contaminated Oil From Sellafield

Craig Broadbent, Helen Cassidy, Anders Stenmark

ICEM 2009; 171-175doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16246

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Incinerators , Nuclear industry , Oils , Packaging , Petroleum , Radioactive wastes , Storage , Transportation systems

Radioactive Oil Decontamination Development: An Overview

John P. Krasznai

ICEM 2009; 177-183doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16251

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Decontamination , Oils , Petroleum , Contamination , Cycles , Hazardous substances , Nuclear industry , Radioactivity , Vacuum pumps

The Sorption and Mechanical Properties of the Modified Concrete Matrix Used for Conditioning of Radioactive Waste

Daniela Dogaru, Ortenzia Niculae, Gheorghe Dogaru, Gheorghita Jinescu, Octavian G. Duliu

ICEM 2009; 185-189doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16255

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Concretes , Mechanical properties , Radioactive wastes , Sorption , Cements (Adhesives) , Bending strength , Decontamination , Hydrogels , Radioisotopes

Solidification of Radioactive Liquid Wastes: Treatment Options for Spent Resins and Concentrates

Andreas Roth

ICEM 2009; 191-195doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16405

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Resins , Solidification , Ion exchange , Acceptance criteria , Radioactive wastes , Radioactivity

Treatment of Core Components From Nuclear Power Plants With PWR and BWR Reactors

Jo¨rg Viermann, Andreas Friske, Jo¨rg Radzuweit

ICEM 2009; 197-213doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16043

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Boiling water reactors , Nuclear power stations , Pressurized water reactors , Containers , Flow (Dynamics) , Fuels , Irradiation (Radiation exposure) , Neutrons , Rods , Storage

Measurement of Solid-Liquid Mixtures Using Electrical Tomography Measurement Techniques

Gary Bolton, Stephen Stanley

ICEM 2009; 215-220doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16088

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Electrodes , Flaw detection , Flow (Dynamics) , Flow measurement , Imaging , Impedance (Electricity) , Industrial plants , Pipelines , Process control

Increasing Operational Efficiency in a Radioactive Waste Processing Plant

T. W. Turner, S. N. Watson

ICEM 2009; 221-225doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16100

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Containers , Cycles , Liabilities , Nuclear decommissioning , Radioactive waste processing , Radioactive wastes , Safety , Solid wastes , Storage

Characterization of NORM Sources in Petroleum Coke Calcining Processes

Ian S. Hamilton, Donald A. Halter, Donald F. Haumann, Erich H. Fruchtnicht, Matthew G. Arno

ICEM 2009; 227-231doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16314

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Coke , Petroleum , Roasting (Metallurgy) , Bricks , Refractories (Materials) , Feedstock , Temperature , Demolition , Kilns , Aerosols

Regulatory Review of Preliminary Safety Assessment for the Baˇit¸a-Bihor Repository, Romania

Enrique Biurrun, Bernt Haverkamp, Klaus-Ju¨rgen Ro¨hlig

ICEM 2009; 233-241doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16031

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Safety , Performance , Mine safety , Radioisotopes

Improvement of the Management of Institutional Radioactive Waste in Slovenia

Yves Niels, Marija Fabjan, Gasˇper Tavcˇar, Jozˇe Rojc, Matjazˇ Stepisˇnik, Koen Lenie

ICEM 2009; 243-247doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16092

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Storage , Containers , Contamination , Packaging , Risk , Safety , Waste management

An Overview of US EPA’s Current Radioactive Waste Management and General Radiation Protection Efforts

R. Thomas Peake, Daniel Schultheisz, Loren W. Setlow, Brian Littleton, Reid Rosnick, Ken Czyscinski

ICEM 2009; 249-253doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16104

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radiation (Physics) , Radioactive wastes , Uranium mining , Uranium , In situ processing (Mining) , Nuclear fuel cycle , Nuclear power , Radiological dispersal devices , Fuels , Hazards

Analysis of Management and Disposal Alternatives for Low Activity Radioactive Waste

Keith D. Anderson

ICEM 2009; 255-262doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16192

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Nuclear decommissioning , Governments , Liabilities , Regulations , Risk , Waste management

The Role of the National Low Level Waste Repository Operator in Delivering New Solutions for the Management of Low Level Wastes in the UK

Martin Walkingshaw

ICEM 2009; 263-269doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16217

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes

Strategy and Practice in Spent Sealed Sources Management in Belgium

Vincent De pooter, David Vanleeuw, Gunter Van Zaelen, Marnix Braeckeveldt

ICEM 2009; 271-278doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16335

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Biomedicine , Calibration , Collaboration , Radioactive substances , Radioactive wastes , Safety , Testing , Waste management , Weight (Mass)

UK Strategy for Nuclear Industry LLW

Matthew Clark, Joanne Fisher

ICEM 2009; 279-283doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16393

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Nuclear industry , Nuclear decommissioning , Waste management , Governments , Hazards

Improvement of Institutional Radioactive Waste Management via Implementation of Environmental Management System

Marija Fabjan, Bojan Hertl, Metka Kralj, Jozˇe Rojc

ICEM 2009; 285-289doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16094

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Biomedicine , Optimization , Quality management

The Rock Creep Evaluation in the Analysis System for the Long-Term Behavior of TRU Waste Disposal System

Shintaro Ohno, Seiji Morikawa, Morihiro Mihara

ICEM 2009; 291-297doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16110

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Creep , Rocks , Waste disposal , Cements (Adhesives) , Mechanical behavior , Chemical reactions , Computer simulation , Constitutive equations , Hydraulic conductivity , Nuclides

Separation of Lanthanide Fission Products in a Eutectic Waste Salts Delivered From Pyroprocessing of a Spent Oxide Fuel by Using Lab-Scale Oxidative Precipitation Apparatus

Yung-Zun Cho, In-Tae Kim, Hee-Chul Yang, Hwan-Seo Park, Han-Soo Lee

ICEM 2009; 299-302doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16127

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Fuels , Nuclear fission , Precipitation , Separation (Technology) , Oxidation , Coprecipitation , Oxygen , Temperature

Study of the Radioactive Silt Sediment Cementation Techniques

Andrey P. Varlakov, Sergey V. Karlin, Alexandr S. Barinov, Elena V. Zaharova, Viatcheslav M. Ermolaev

ICEM 2009; 303-308doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16138

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Binders (Materials) , Cements (Adhesives) , Cooling , Grout (Mortar) , Isotopes , Sediments , Spent nuclear fuels , Strength (Materials) , Water-cement ratio

Cementation of Problem LRW Using Porous Concrete

Andrey P. Varlakov, Alexandr V. Germanov, Sergey A. Dmitriev, Alexandr S. Barinov, Artur E. Arustamov

ICEM 2009; 309-311doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16139

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Concretes , Containers , Cements (Adhesives) , Hardening , Nuclides , Radiation (Physics) , Radioactive wastes , Safety

Novel Antimonysilicate Material Quasar-N for the Removal of Radionuclides From Acidic Decontamination Liquids

Risto O. Harjula, Airi Paajanen

ICEM 2009; 313-315doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16157

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Decontamination , Radioisotopes , Radioactive wastes

Management of Metal Waste With High Concentration of Natural Radionuclides: Its Problems and Experience

Alexander B. Gelbutovskiy, Peter I. Cheremisin, Alexander V. Troshev

ICEM 2009; 317-323doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16222

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Metal wastes , Radioisotopes , Metals , Industrial capacity , Radioactive wastes

Comparison of Actinides Separation by Coprecipitation and Chromatographic Resin (Dipex®) for Gross Alpha Determination

Esperanza Lara-Robustillo, Marina Rodri´guez Alcala´

ICEM 2009; 325-328doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16249

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Coprecipitation , Resins , Separation (Technology) , Radioactivity , Ion exchange , Microwaves , Nuclear power stations , Radiation (Physics) , Radioisotopes , Safety

Further Development of Iodine Immobilization Technique by Low Temperature Vitrification With BiPbO₂I

Atsushi Mukunoki, Tamotsu Chiba, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Kenji Yamaguchi, Tomofumi Sakuragi, Tokuro Nanba

ICEM 2009; 329-334doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16268

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Low temperature , Vitrification , Glass , Boron , Engineering prototypes , Filters , Furnaces , Nuclear magnetic resonance , Melting , Modeling

The KNOO Research Consortium: Work Package 3—An Integrated Approach to Waste Immobilisation and Management

Simon Biggs, Michael Fairweather, James Young, Robin W. Grimes, Neil Milestone, Francis Livens

ICEM 2009; 335-343doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16375

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Collaboration , Defense industry , Economics , Energy sustainability , Engineering simulation , Filters , Food products , Governments , Health and safety , Multiscale modeling

Hydraulic Behaviour of Nuclear Waste Flows

S. R. Biggs, M. Fairweather, D. Harbottle, B. Lin, J. Peakall

ICEM 2009; 345-352doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16376

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Flow (Dynamics) , Radioactive wastes , Particulate matter , Turbulence , Pipe flow , Reynolds number , Pipes , Solids , Waste treatment , Channel flow

Engineering Properties of Nuclear Waste Slurries

Simon Biggs, Michael Fairweather, Timothy Hunter, Qanitalillahi Omokanye, Jeffrey Peakall

ICEM 2009; 353-360doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16378

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Slurries , Particulate matter , Flow (Dynamics) , Atomic force microscopy , Agglomeration (Materials) , Compression , Dewatering , Ionic conductivity , Ions

Sorption Databases for Increasing Confidence in Performance Assessment

Anke Richter, Vinzenz Brendler, Cordula Nebelung, Timothy E. Payne, Thomas Brasser

ICEM 2009; 361-367doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16053

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Databases , Sorption , Minerals , Risk assessment , Chemical reactions , Contamination , Electric charge , Expert systems , Ions , Plumes (Fluid dynamics)

Control of Materials Harmful to Water in the German KONRAD Repository

Karin Kugel, Peter Brennecke, Stephan Steyer, Detlef Gruendler, Wilma Boetsch, Claudia Haider

ICEM 2009; 369-375doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16125

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Water , Quality control , Acceptance criteria , Containers , Groundwater , Pollution , Radioactive wastes

Dose Validation in the Dutch Interim Waste Storage Facility

Jeroen Welbergen, Leo van Velzen

ICEM 2009; 377-385doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16263

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Storage , Radiation (Physics) , Neutron flux , Radioactive wastes , Sensors , Structures , Exterior walls , Feedback , Ionization chambers , Neutron sources

Decommissioning and Waste Treatment Hazard Evaluation and Modeling

Martin G. Plys, Michael Epstein

ICEM 2009; 387-393doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16409

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Hazards , Modeling , Nuclear decommissioning , Waste treatment , Aerosols , Contamination , Boundary-value problems , Computer software , Dust explosions , Explosions

Development of Joint Regulatory Guidance on the Management of Higher Activity Radioactive Wastes on Nuclear Licensed Sites

Mick Bacon, Doug Ilett, Andy Whittall

ICEM 2009; 395-398doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16095

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Governments , Storage , Environmental health and safety , Health and safety , Nuclear decommissioning , Safety , Transparency

Monte Carlo Simulation of a Compartment Model of Radionuclide Migration at a Radioactive Waste Repository

Francesco Cadini, Jacopo De Sanctis, Enrico Zio, Diana Avram, Tommaso Girotti, Alfredo Luce, Alberto Taglioni

ICEM 2009; 399-404doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16168

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive waste repositories , Radioisotopes , Simulation

Lessons Learned From the Operation of a LILW National Disposal Centre: The Cabril and the Spanish Case

Mariano Navarro, Fernando Go´mez, Emilio Garci´a

ICEM 2009; 405-413doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16029

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Integrated systems , Production control , Radioactive wastes

Establishing a Site for a Slovenian LILW Repository

Sandi Virsˇek, Janja Sˇpiler, Miran Veselicˇ

ICEM 2009; 415-420doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16151

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Safety

Design Options for the UK’s ILW Geological Disposal Facility

Tim Hicks, Matt White, Tamara Baldwin, Neil Chapman, Fiona Neall, Ian McKinley, Paul Hooker, Phil Richardson, Samantha King

ICEM 2009; 421-431doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16241

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Governments , Nuclear decommissioning , Radioactive wastes , Rocks , Spent nuclear fuels

Hydrogeologic Modelling in Support of a Proposed Deep Geologic Repository in Canada for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

Jonathan F. Sykes, Stefano D. Normani, Yong Yin, Eric A. Sykes, Mark R. Jensen

ICEM 2009; 433-442doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16264

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Modeling , Radioactive wastes , Flow (Dynamics) , Groundwater , Density , Water , Diffusion (Physics) , Energy generation , Engineering simulation , Equilibrium (Physics)

I-Graphite Waste Management in France

Odile Ozanam, Gerald Ouzounian

ICEM 2009; 443-450doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16301

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Carbon , Graphite , Safety , Waste management

External Disposal of 4 Steam Generators Out of the Decommissioning of the Nuclear Power Plant Stade (KKS)

Martin Beverungen

ICEM 2009; 451-455doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16045

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Boilers , Nuclear decommissioning , Nuclear power stations , Ships

Delivering Step Change Improvements to UK Low Level Waste Strategy

Jason Dean, David Rossiter

ICEM 2009; 457-464doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16188

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Generators , Innovation , Liabilities , Licensing , Metals , Nuclear decommissioning , Nuclear industry , Radioactive wastes , Storage , Supply chains

BPEO/BPM in Recycling of Low Level Waste Metal in the UK

Kevin Dodd, Joe Robinson, Maria Lindberg

ICEM 2009; 465-474doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16210

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Metals , Recycling , Metal recycling , Metal wastes , Waste management , Acceptance criteria , Decision making , Life cycle assessment , Nuclear industry

Factors Influencing the Performance and Lifetime of Fibrous Glass and Metal Media HEPA Filters

Charles A. Waggoner, Michael S. Parsons

ICEM 2009; 475-483doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16285

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Glass , HEPA filters , Metals , Filters , Design , Aerosols , Risk assessment , Combustion , Density , Emissions

WASAN: A Methodology for Analysing Waste Minimisation

Duncan Shaw, Neil Blundell

ICEM 2009; 485-494doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16347

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Waste reduction , Environmental health and safety , Waste management , Hazards , Health and safety , Modeling , Nuclear industry , Nuclear power stations , Radioactive wastes , Sensitivity analysis

A Model for a National Low Level Waste Program

James A. Blankenhorn

ICEM 2009; 495-500doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16372

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Acceptance criteria , Decontamination , Generators , Half-life , Licensing , Life cycle costing , Nuclear decommissioning , Radioactive wastes , Radioisotopes , Recycling

Spent Fuel, Fissile, Transuranic, High-Level Waste Management

Use of the Safety Case to Focus KMS Applications

Hideaki Osawa, Kazumasa Hioki, Hiroyuki Umeki, Hiroyasu Takase, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 501-505doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16348

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Safety

Practical Application of the KMS: 1) Total System Performance Assessment

Hitoshi Makino, Kazumasa Hioki, Hiroyuki Umeki, Hongzhi Yang, Hiroyasu Takase, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 507-514doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16349

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Knowledge management , Nuclear power , Optimization , Quality control , Safety

Challenges for the JAEA KMS: Fostering Inventive Design and Problem Solving

Hitoshi Makino, Kazumasa Hioki, Hiroyuki Umeki, Shoko Tachibana, Hiroyasu Takase, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 515-523doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16351

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Boundary-value problems , Formal methods , Knowledge management , Nuclear power , Teams , Transparency

Overview of the JAEA Knowledge Management System Supporting Implementation and Regulation of Geological Disposal in Japan

Hiroyuki Umeki, Kazumasa Hioki, Hiroyasu Takase, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 525-530doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16354

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Knowledge management , Radioactive wastes , Boundary-value problems , Nuclear power

Practical Application of the KMS: 2) Site Characterisation

Takeshi Semba, Hideaki Osawa, Kazumasa Hioki, Shoko Tachibana, Hiroyasu Takase, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 531-538doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16355

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Computer software , Expert systems , Knowledge management , Teams

Developing Design Premises for a KBS-3V Repository Based on Results From the Safety Assessment

Johan Andersson, Allan Hedin

ICEM 2009; 539-543doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16027

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Safety , Spent nuclear fuels , Acceptance criteria , Licensing , Nuclear fuels , Stress , Waste management

Characterization of a Fe-Based Alloy System for an AFCI Metallic Waste Form

Mark J. Williamson, Robert L. Sindelar

ICEM 2009; 545-547doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16134

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Alloys , Metals , Waste management , Zirconium , Electromagnetic induction , Melting , Nuclear fission , Radioactive wastes , Solids , Vacuum

The Collaborative EC Project ReCosy

Bernhard Kienzler, Gunnar Buckau

ICEM 2009; 549-555doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16203

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Minerals , Radioactive waste disposal , Radioisotopes , Safety , Spent nuclear fuels , Workshops (Work spaces)

Study on Performance Assessment for HLW Repository in China

Weiming Chen, Ju Wang, Rui Su, Yunfeng Li

ICEM 2009; 557-560doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16228

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: China , Radioactive waste repositories , Radioactive wastes , Design , Engineering simulation , Nuclides , Simulation

Modelling Radionuclide Mobility of Spent Fuel in a Deep Geological Repository Located in a Clay Bedrock

Lara Duro, Abel Tamayo, Jordi Bruno, Aurora Marti´nez-Esparza

ICEM 2009; 561-573doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16240

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Mechanical admittance , Modeling , Radioisotopes , Spent nuclear fuels , Alpha decay , Chain , Engineering simulation , Precipitation , Radioactivity , Simulation

Evaluation of Mechanical Effects of the Fault Movement on the Engineered Barrier System

Yuya Saito, Mayuka Nishimura, Takashi Hirai, Kenji Tanai, Morimasa Naito

ICEM 2009; 575-583doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16269

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Constitutive equations , Finite element methods , Mechanical properties , Metals , Numerical analysis , Plasticity , Polishing equipment , Pressure , Radioactive wastes , Shear (Mechanics)

Developing Ceramic Based Technology for the Immobilisation of Waste on the Sellafield Site

C. R. Scales, E. R. Maddrell, Mark Dowson

ICEM 2009; 585-592doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16049

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Ceramics , Collaboration , Construction , Glass , Hot isostatic presses , Nuclear fuels

Designing a New Highly Active Liquid Evaporator

Paul Robson, Emma Candy

ICEM 2009; 593-600doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16075

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Design , Construction , Storage , Corrosion resistance , Engineering design , Hazards , Manufacturing , Nuclear decommissioning , Polishing equipment , Quality control

Separation of Fission Products and Actinides From Savannah River Site High-Level Nuclear Wastes

T. B. Peters, M. R. Poirier, F. F. Fondeur, C. A. Nash, D. T. Hobbs, S. D. Fink

ICEM 2009; 601-610doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16174

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Ion exchange , Nuclear fission , Radioactive wastes , Rivers , Separation (Technology) , Strontium , Hazardous substances , Design , Diluents , Industrial research

The Use of Hot-Isostatic Pressing to Process Nuclear Waste Forms

Martin W. A. Stewart, Sam A. Moricca, Tina Eddowes, Yingjie Zhang, Eric R. Vance, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Melody L. Carter, Mark Dowson, Michael James

ICEM 2009; 611-616doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16253

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Pressing , Radioactive wastes , Borosilicate glasses , Crystallization , Design , Electrical conductivity , Glass , Heat resistant glass , Melting , Viscosity

Safety Assessment of Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste in Boom Clay: Relation With the Radionuclide Inventory

Pierre Van Iseghem, Jan Marivoet

ICEM 2009; 617-622doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16418

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Radioisotopes , Safety , Spent nuclear fuels , Glass , Tin , Vitrification

Development of the ENVI Simulator to Estimate Korean SNF Flow and Its Cost

Yongsoo Hwang, Ian Miller

ICEM 2009; 623-630doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16060

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Computer software , Flow (Dynamics) , Logistics , Nuclear power , Pressurized water reactors , Risk , Safety , Spent nuclear fuels , Storage , Transportation systems

Integration of the H₂ Inhibition Effect of UO₂ Matrix Dissolution Into Radiolytic Models

Lara Duro, Abel Tamayo, Jordi Bruno, Aurora Marti´nez-Esparza

ICEM 2009; 631-636doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16239

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Linear energy transfer , Modeling , Oxidation , Radiation (Physics) , Spent nuclear fuels , Water

Implementation of a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) in the UK by the NDA Radioactive Waste Management Directorate (RWMD): Coupled Modelling of Gas Generation and Multiphase Flow Between the Co-Located ILW/LLW and HLW/SF Components of a GDF

Alex Bond, George Towler, Alan Paulley, Simon Norris

ICEM 2009; 637-647doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16307

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Modeling , Multiphase flow , Radioactive wastes , Pressure , Groundwater , Pressure gradient , Rocks , Safety , Design , Flux (Metallurgy)

Disposal of Spent Fuel From German Nuclear Power Plants

Reinhold Graf, Wolfgang Filbert, Klaus-Ju¨rgen Brammer, Wilhelm Bollingerfehr

ICEM 2009; 649-659doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16028

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Nuclear power stations , Spent nuclear fuels , Storage , Fuel rods , Test facilities , Design , Economics , Fuels , Locks (Waterways) , Manufacturing

Characteristics of the Spent Fuel Generated in Korea

Donghak Kook, Jongwon Choi, Heuijoo Choi, Dongkeun Cho

ICEM 2009; 661-666doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16227

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Spent nuclear fuels

NUMO-RMS: A Practical Requirements Management System for the Long-Term Management of the Deep Geological Disposal Project

Hiroyoshi Ueda, Satoru Suzuki, Katsuhiko Ishiguro, Kiyoshi Oyamada, Shoko Yashio, Matt White, Roger Wilmot

ICEM 2009; 667-676doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16304

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Change management , Databases , Decision making , Design , Nuclear environmental management , Radioactive waste disposal , Radioactive wastes , Safety

New Safety Concept for Geological Disposal in Japan

Kazumi Kitayama

ICEM 2009; 677-679doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16339

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Safety , Equilibrium (Physics) , Concretes , Governments , Nuclear environmental management

An Overview on the National Radwastes Management Strategy in the Context of the Nuclear Program Development in Romania

Panait Adrian, Maria Radu, Gheorghe Barariu, Gheorghe Negut, Cristian Litescu

ICEM 2009; 681-687doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16356

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Nuclear power stations , Generators , Governments , Radioactive waste disposal , Spent nuclear fuels

Uptake of ¹⁴C-Acetic Acid by Rice Plant as Related to Root Function and Microbial Activity on the Root Surface

Shinichi Ogiyama, Nobuyoshi Ishii, Shigeo Uchida

ICEM 2009; 689-693doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16111

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Biomass , Carbon , Radioactive wastes , Radioactivity

A Study on the Once-Through Back-End Fuel Cycle Scenario

Yoon Hee Lee, Jongsoon Song, Jongkuk Lee, Kunjai Lee

ICEM 2009; 695-696doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16129

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Nuclear fuel cycle , Spent nuclear fuels , Recycling , Safety

Characteristics on the SAP-Based Wasteform Containing Radioactive Molten Salt Waste

Hwan-Seo Park, In-Tae Kim, Hwan-Young Kim, Byeung Gil Ahn, Han-Soo Lee

ICEM 2009; 697-700doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16137

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Alkali metals , Binders (Materials) , Borosilicate glasses , Chain , Composite materials , Durability , Metals , Radioisotopes , Sintering , Sol-gel processing

Separation of Rare Earth Precipitates From LiCl-KCl Eutectic Salts by a Distillation at a Reduced Pressure

Hee-Chul Eun, Hee-Chul Yang, Yung-Zun Cho, Hwan-Seo Park, Han-Soo Lee, In-Tae Kim

ICEM 2009; 701-704doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16162

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Pressure , Separation (Technology) , Condensation , Particulate matter , Storage , Vacuum , Vapors

Separation of Lanthanoid Phosphates From the Spent Electrolyte of Pyroprocessing

Ippei Amamoto, Hirohide Kofuji, Munetaka Myochin, Tatsuya Tsuzuki, Yasushi Takasaki, Tetsuji Yano, Takayuki Terai

ICEM 2009; 705-713doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16265

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Electrolytes , Separation (Technology) , Filtration , Alkali metals , Glass , Lithium , Metals , Nuclear fission , Precipitation , Radioactive wastes

Towards an “Implementing Geological Disposal Technology Platform” in Europe

P. Marjatta Palmu, Torsten L. Eng

ICEM 2009; 715-722doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16365

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Licensing , Nuclear power , Radioactive waste disposal , Radioactive wastes , Radiological dispersal devices , Spent nuclear fuels , Waste management , Workshops (Work spaces)

Repository Site Characterization: Comparing International Experience

Martin Goldsworthy, Till Popp, Knut Seidel, Johannes Bruns

ICEM 2009; 723-732doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16082

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Construction , Radioactive waste repositories , Radioactive wastes , Rocks , Safety

Integrated Model of Korean Spent Fuel and High Level Waste Disposal Options

Yongsoo Hwang, Ian Miller

ICEM 2009; 733-740doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16091

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Spent nuclear fuels , Waste disposal , Design , Computer software , Nuclear fission , Nuclear fuel cycle , Nuclear power , Pressurized water reactors , Uncertainty

US EPA’s Experiences Implementing Environmental Safety Standards at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

R. Thomas Peake, Charles Byrum, Ed Feltcorn, Raymond Lee, Rajani Joglekar, Shankar Ghose, Mike Eagle

ICEM 2009; 741-745doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16103

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Background radiation , Defense industry , Environmental Protection Agency , Radioactive wastes , Safety , Spent nuclear fuels

Amendments to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (40 CFR Part 197)

Raymond L. Clark, Kenneth Czyscinski, Reid J. Rosnick, Daniel Schultheisz

ICEM 2009; 747-755doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16156

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Background radiation , Energy policy , Environmental Protection Agency , Risk , Stability

Approaches for Modelling Transient Unsaturated-Saturated Groundwater Flow During and After Construction

Matt White, Jordi Guimera`, Takuya Ohyama, Hiroshi Kosaka, Peter Robinson, Hiromitsu Saegusa

ICEM 2009; 757-766doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16242

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Construction , Flow (Dynamics) , Groundwater , Modeling , Transients (Dynamics) , Hydraulic conductivity , Rocks , Water , Grouting , Inflow

Current Status of Phase II Investigations: Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) Project

Tadahiko Tsuruta, Masahiro Uchida, Katsuhiro Hama, Hiroya Matsui, Shinji Takeuchi, Kenji Amano, Ryuji Takeuchi, Hiromitsu Saegusa, Toshiyuki Matsuoka, Takashi Mizuno

ICEM 2009; 767-774doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16262

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Chemistry , Construction , Groundwater , Monitoring systems , Nuclear power , Pressure , Rocks

Experience With Technical Advisory Groups in the Japanese HLW Disposal Programme

Hiroyuki Tsuchi, Kazumi Kitayama, Akira Deguchi, Yoshiaki Takahashi, Toshiaki Ohe, Charles McCombie, Ian McKinley

ICEM 2009; 775-779doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16290

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Global Developments in Multinational Initiatives at the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Charles McCombie, Neil Chapman, Thomas H. Isaacs

ICEM 2009; 781-786doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16294

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Nuclear fuel cycle , Security , Radioactive wastes , Spent nuclear fuels , Storage , Nuclear power , Risk , Waste management

Implementation of a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) in the UK by the NDA Radioactive Waste Management Directorate (RWMD): The Potential for Interaction Between the Co-Located ILW/LLW and HLW/SF Components of a GDF

George Towler, Tim Hicks, Sarah Watson, Simon Norris

ICEM 2009; 787-798doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16306

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Radioactive wastes , Design , Safety , Rocks , Geometry , Governments , Heat flux , Plumes (Fluid dynamics) , Spent nuclear fuels , Three-dimensional models

WIPP: A Perspective From Ten Years of Operating Success

Phillip C. Gregory

ICEM 2009; 799-803doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16189

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Containers , Defense industry , Generators , Half-life , Storage , Teams , Transportation systems

Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Shipment From the Czech Republic to the Russian Federation

Frantisek Svitak, Karel Svoboda, Josef Podlaha

ICEM 2009; 805-810doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16195

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Spent nuclear fuels , Fuels , Governments , Nuclear fuels , Nuclear power , Nuclear research , Radioactive substances , Rods , Safety , Thermography

Contingency Options for the Dry Storage of Magnox Spent Fuel in the UK

Jenny Morris, Stephen Wickham, Phil Richardson, Colin Rhodes, Mike Newland

ICEM 2009; 811-816doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16330

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Spent nuclear fuels , Storage , Fuels , Uranium , Hydrogen , Metals , Secondary cells , Water , Concretes , Corrosion

Contingency Options for the Drying, Conditioning and Packaging of Magnox Spent Fuel in the UK

Jenny Morris, Stephen Wickham, Phil Richardson, Colin Rhodes, Mike Newland

ICEM 2009; 817-823doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16331

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Drying , Packaging , Spent nuclear fuels , Fuels , Storage , Uranium , Containers , Hydrogen , Vacuum , Vitrification

On Fluidization of Borosilicate Glasses in Intense Radiation Fields

Michael Ojovan, Guenter Mo¨bus, Jim Tsai, Stuart Cook, Guang Yang

ICEM 2009; 825-834doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16055

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Borosilicate glasses , Fluidization , Radiation (Physics) , Glass , Electrons , Glass transition , Irradiation (Radiation exposure) , Viscosity , Flow (Dynamics) , Viscous flow

The Effect of Waste Loading on the Characteristics of Borosilicate SRS SB4 Waste Glasses

Sergey Stefanovsky, Alexander Kobelev, Vladimir Lebedev, Michael Polkanov, Dmitriy Suntsov, James Marra

ICEM 2009; 835-841doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16196

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Borosilicate glasses , Glass , Aluminum , Cooling , Durability , Electron microscopy , Furnaces , Glass ceramics , Magnetite , Radioactive wastes

Cold Crucible Vitrification of SRS SB4 Waste at High Waste Loadings

Sergey Stefanovsky, Alexander Kobelev, Vladimir Lebedev, Oleg Knyazev, Michael Polkanov, James Marra

ICEM 2009; 843-849doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16197

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Electrical resistivity , Glass , Glass melting , Melting , Slurries , Temperature , Viscosity , Vitrification , Water

The Results of Testing to Evaluate Crystal Formation and Settling in the Cold Crucible Induction Melter

James Marra, Sergey Stefanovsky, Vladimir Lebedev, Dmitriy Suntsov

ICEM 2009; 851-857doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2009-16282

Abstract

View Article

PDF

Topics: Crystallization , Electromagnetic induction , Testing , Glass , Crystals , Aluminum , Cooling , Emission spectroscopy , Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry , Iron