... The systematic experiments were performed for buoyancy driven heat transfer of zinc oxide (ZnO)-water nanofluids with volume fraction 0.5%, 1%, and 2% in rectangular (50×50×75mm) cavity heated from below. In addition to determining the convective heat transfer coefficients, this study also...

... were also measured experimentally. The results show that the density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity decrease with temperature within the measured temperature range 10–60°C. The obtained convective heat transfer coefficient was lower than the De-Ionized (DI) water, whereas the dimensionless...