True-Temperature Reconstruction From Combined Conduction and Transient Thermocouple Temperature Lag Errors in Single-Phase Convection

Much research has been performed on steady-state conduction errors in temperature sensors due to heat transfer to or from vessel walls through which those sensors are mounted. Furthermore, another large body of research exists for temperature errors due to transient lag error due to physical sensors measuring their own temperatures which lag the true fluid temperature that they are immersed in because of convective heat transfer limitations. Not readily available in the archival literature is the reconstruction of the true fluid temperature when both conduction and transient lag errors are present simultaneously. The paper will show how such a condition can indeed be modeled utilizing the integral technique. The salient feature of the integral technique is its simplicity, and this application again validates why the integral technique is still a valuable tool — even in a time of computation heat transfer models — not only as a research tool but as an educational one as well.