... the maximum expansion-contraction cycle life while imposing the least amount of stress. Discrepancies in the selecting of bellows expansion joint design parameters are corrected by evaluating stress-based fatigue life, which is challenging owing to the complicated form of convolutions. Meridional...

... on the deflection cyclically or thermally for various amplitudes of stress. Since based convolution stresses. Such stresses are generated in the fatigue is much recognized as a significant failure mode in thin walled unreinforced bellows compensators during the expansion joint bellows rather than static loading...