To help understand how staged combustion aids in reducing emissions of oxide of nitrogen from gas turbines, measurements and computations are made of structures of two-stage counterflow methane-air flames at nomal atmospheric pressure and a feed-stream temperature of about 300 K. The fuel stream is partially premixed, with equivalence ratios from 1.5 to 3.0. To the air stream is added up to 10% by mass of water spray, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen. Flame structures, including formation of species containing two carbon atoms, are measured by gas chromatography of samples withdrawn by fine quartz probes and are calculated by numerical integrations of the conservation equations employing an updated elementary chemical-kinetic data base. The same sampling system is employed with a low-flow-rate NOx analyzer to obtain profiles of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are also calculated in the numerical integrations. The two-stage flame exhibits a green fuel-rich premixed flame and a blue diffusion flame with the maximum NOx concentrations found near the blue flame. At an air-side strain rate of 50 s−1, for fuel-side equivalence ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, respectively, measured peak NOx concentrations were about 70, 90, 100 and 90 ppm, reduced to 60, 70, 50, and 40 ppm, respectively, when 5% water by mass was added to the air stream. Results of the numerical integrations were in reasonable agreement with these experimental results when suitable selections were made of certain critical elementary reaction-rate constants. These new NOx measurements and computations help to increase understanding of influences of staging and diluent addition, identify important reactions for pollutant formation and suggest means to reduce emissions.
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ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition
June 2–5, 1998
Stockholm, Sweden
Conference Sponsors:
- International Gas Turbine Institute
ISBN:
978-0-7918-7864-4
PROCEEDINGS PAPER
Experimental and Numerical Studies of NOx Formation in Two-Stage Methane-Air Flames
S. C. Li,
S. C. Li
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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F. A. Williams
F. A. Williams
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
Search for other works by this author on:
S. C. Li
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
F. A. Williams
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
Paper No:
98-GT-073, V003T06A001; 23 pages
Published Online:
December 23, 2014
Citation
Li, SC, & Williams, FA. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of NOx Formation in Two-Stage Methane-Air Flames." Proceedings of the ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. Volume 3: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations. Stockholm, Sweden. June 2–5, 1998. V003T06A001. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/98-GT-073
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