In the present work, time-dependent responses of Nusselt number, friction coefficient and pressure profiles to the passage of groups of coherent structures along a curved impingement wall, is considered. It is meant to replicate a more realistic picture of the flow. The jet considered belongs to heating applications where the jet flow temperature is higher than that of the impingement wall.
The flow was simulated using Large Eddy Simulation with the Dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid-scale model. The plane jet was forced at frequencies increasing gradually to a maximum of 2200 Hz with an amplitude equal to 30% of the mean jet velocity. The computational domain was divided into 16.5 million hexahedral computational cells whose resolution was assessed based on the turbulence scales.
It was found that for low forcing frequencies (e.g., 200Hz), coherent forced primary vortices induced by the pulsations are separated by less organized vortices naturally induced similar to those of the unforced jet. It could be seen that the natural vortices have moderate effects on the boundary layer development on the impingement surface starting at relatively short distances from the stagnation point compared to the forced vortices. Increasing the forcing frequency to 1000Hz reduces the distance separating successive forced vortices causing the pairing phenomenon to occur at a certain distance along the target wall. Increasing the forcing frequency further to 2200Hz makes the pairing phenomenon followed by vortex breakdown to occur at shorter distances along the target wall.
The smaller forcing frequencies yield large and strong distant vortices which affect the dynamical field noticeably in conjunction with an important deterioration of heat transfer due to their strong mixing effect and entrainment of cold air from the surroundings. On the other hand, high frequencies generate smaller vortices which are relatively close to each other. Thus, they have a weaker effect allowing the growth of the boundary layer on the target wall up to a distance equal to four times the jet-exit width where the minimum heat transfer is observed. In fact, the small successive vortices form a sort of shield preventing the cold air from the surroundings to reach the target wall until their breakdown.
